Sec. 10-408. Sign Standards in Residential Districts

Sign Type district/use	Max. Number	Max. Area (sq. ft.) or Max Width (ft.)	Max. Height (feet)	Minimum Setback	Additional Requirements
PERMANENT SIGNS
Wall Sign / Façade Sign
Single-Family and Two-Family Districts	1	1			Permit/license/bond not required. Sign may be substituted with freestanding sign of same size with a maximum height of 6 feet and minimum setback of 5 feet. (Ord. No. 0-2016-76;08/24/16)
Freestanding Sign
Residential development entry sign in all residential districts	2	100	8	5
R-MF and PMF districts	1/ frontage	32	10	2	May be substituted with façade sign of same size with a maximum projection of 1.5 feet, or combination thereof. Planned developments must comply with approved Site Development Plan. (Ord. No. 0-2023-29; 4/26/23)
Properties developed with Public/Civic uses in all Residential	1/frontage	32	8	5	May be substituted with facade sign of same size per street frontage, or combination thereof; for included uses see Sec. 10-48.
Electronic message center (EMC), Institutional uses, for properties with Public/Civic uses in all residential districts.	l	24	8	5	See Sec. 10-415 For included uses see Sec. 10-48. (Ord No. 0-2009-100, 9/23/09) (Ord No. 0-2016-76; 8/24/16)
Directional signs
Multi-family developments	1/entrance	8	6	2	Company logo or insignia limited to two square feet of sign. May be substituted with a wall sign of the same size. (Ord. No. 0-2015-67; 6/24/15)
Flags
In all residential districts	3	24	35		See Sec. 10-411
Temporary Signs
R-MF and PMF	1 /frontage	50	6	5	See Sec. 10-416. One banner is allowed per lot, per street frontage. If the lot has more than 500 feet of frontage, one banner per 500 feet of frontage may be displayed on the same lot (Ord No. 0-2016-76; 8/24/16)
Banners for properties participating in charitable and humanitarian events		50	6		Planning director to determine number. See Sec. 10-416. (Ord. No. 0-2016-76; 8/24/16)
Developments under construction in all residential districts	1/ frontage	100	25	5	Displayed only during construction phase; additional sign per 30 acres to be removed upon completion of project. (Ord. No. 0-2016-76; 8/24/16)
Properties for sale or lease in single-family and two-family districts	1/ frontage	6	3	2	(Ord. No. 0-2016-76; 8/24/16)
Properties for sale or lease in multi-family districts	1/frontage	32	15	2	Developments of 10 acres or more are allowed one 64 SF sign per 500 ft. of frontage. (Ord No. 0-2016-76; 8/24/16)

(Ord. No. 0-2010-20, 3/10/10)(Ord. No. 0-2010-119; 11/10/10) (Ord. No. 0-2012-38, 4/25/12)(Ord. No. 0-2015-67; 6/24/15) (Ord. No. 0-2016-76; 8/24/16) (Ord. No. 0-2023-29; 4/26/23)

Sec. 10-409. Sign Standards in Nonresidential Districts

Sign Type district/use	Max. Number	Max. Area (sq. ft.)	Max. Height (feet)	Max. Projection or Min. Setback (ft)	Additional Requirements
PERMANENT SIGNS
Wall Sign / Façade Sign				Projection
RPO district	1/business or tenant	16		1	Max. aggregate gross sign area; 48 sq. ft.; when total floor area exceeds 7,500 sq. ft., 1 additional 32 sq. ft. business directory sign is allowed.
All uses in PCD, PMXD-1 and PMXD-2 districts	1/500’ of frontage or fraction thereof	100		1.5	Base zone standards apply; can be modified w/ approved Site Development Plan. In no case shall a sign be allowed to exceed the sign standards for C-2. (Ord. No. 0-2011-45, 6/8/11)
C-1 district
100-1999 sq. ft. in façade area	1 / façade	100		1.5
2000+ sq. ft. in façade area	1 / façade	9% of façade		1.5	Additional 3% of façade area may be used for ancillary signs.
INT, OSP, C-2, DBAC, and M-1 and M-2 districts	1 / façade
100-1999 sq. ft. in facade area	1/ façade	100	na	1.5	Min. clearance 8 ft. above first floor ground level.
2000+ sq. ft. in façade area	1/ façade	9% of façade	na	1.5	Additional 3% of façade area may be used for ancillary signs.
On lower two floors of multi-story building		100	4		Tenant must have a direct, outside entrance or storefront. No letter, insignia, or symbol may exceed 48” in height.
On upper floor of façade	1	9% of façade above the first floor	4		No letter, insignia, or symbol may exceed 48" in height. See Sec. 10-410, (Ord. No. 0-2012-83, 10/10/12) (Ord. No. 0-2016-76; 8/24/16)
Awning Signs In all commercial, institutional, office, and manufacturing districts	1/ frontage		6	Max 4 ft. projection from wall	See Sec. 00-414
Projecting Signs (includes blade signs) INT, C-1, C-2, PCD, M-1, and M-2 districts	1/ tenant	24	4	See chart	Vertical Clearance	Max Projection
					<7 ft.	3”
					7-8 ft.	12”
					>8 ft.	4’
Projecting Signs (includes blade signs) In PMXD-1. PMXD-2, and DBAC districts	1/ frontage	48	15	See chart
Electronic message center (EMC) on marquee, DBAC	1/ marquee face	40	n/a	n/a	Requires Special Use Permit; DBAC properties within the downtown planning area defined in the Comprehensive Plan See Sec. 10-415 (Ord. No. 0-2013-41; 5/22/13)
Projected Image Sign in DBAC	1/facade	80%	n/a	n/a	Requires Special Use Permit, See Sec. 10-419
Roof Sign	1/frontage	10% of building projection	4		Must be in compliance with a Master Sign Plan; In lieu of freestanding sign, freestanding sign allowance must be from same elevation; Constructed of individually cut lettering and/or graphics without backing panel.
Interstate Higway Signs				Setback
C-1, C-2, PCD, PMXD-1, PMXD-2	1/lot	400	150	5	only for properties at least one acre in size and within 660 feet of Interstate Highway right-of-way. (Ord. No. 0-2019-62; 8/14/19)
Freestanding Signs				Setback
AG and AR District	1/frontage	8	8	5
All uses in RPO district	1/ frontage	32	25	5
All uses in PCD, PMXD-1, and PMXD-2 districts	1/ frontage	200	35	5	Consistent with approved base zoning and Site Development Plan
Development signs, C-1, C-2, DBAC, PCD, PMXD-1, PMXD-2, M-1, and M-2 districts	1/ thoroughfare with direct access	300	35	5	Applies to developments of 10 to 50 acres or more (Ord. No. 0-2012-83, 10/10/12)
Developments with drive-thru lines in C-1, C-2, DBAC, PCD, PMXD-1, PMXD-2, M-1, and M-2 district	2/per drive-thru line per business	32	6	8	Must be spaced at least 10' from any other sign. (Ord. No. 0-2016-76; 8/24/16)
Electronic message center (EMC), C-1 district	1/ lot	32	8	5	Additional allowance based on established thoroughfare speed See Sec. 10-415 (Ord. No. 0-2013-41; 5/22/13)
Electronic message center (EMC), C-2, DBAC, PCD, PMXD-1, PMXD-2, M-1, and M-2 district	1/ lot	64	8	5	See Sec. 10-415
Electronic message center (EMC) properties developed with Public/Civic uses in INT	1 / lot	24	8	5	Additional allowance based on established thoroughfare speed. See Sec. 10-415 (Ord. No. 0-2013-41; 5/22/13) For included uses see Sec. 10-49 (Ord. 0-2009-100, 9-23-09) (Ord No. 0-2016-76; 8/24/16)
Major Development signs, C-1, DBAC, PCD, PMXD-1, PMXD-2, M-1 and M-2 Districts	1/thoroughfare with direct access	500	50	5	Applies to Developments of 50 acres or more (Ord. No. 0-2012-83; 10/10/12)
All other uses in INT, OSP, C-1, C-2, DBAC, M-1, and M-2 district (Ord. No. 0-2011-45, 6/8/11)	1/ frontage	100	35	5	Signs up to 10 feet in height must have a setback of at least 2 feet; signs between 10 feet and 35 feet in height must have a setback of at least five feet. (Ord No. 0-2016-76; 8/24/16) Additional signage for multiple tenants: 2 sq. ft. per 10 ft. of frontage, up to 200 sq. ft. when district allows building height >35ft., sign may be affixed at allowed building height. 1 reader board sign allowed per lot, up to 32 sq. ft.
DIRECTIONAL SIGNS
In all nonresidential districts	1 / entrance	8	6	2	Company logo or insignia limited to two square feet of sign. May be substituted with a wall sign of the same size. (Ord. No. 0-2011-45, 6/8/11)(Ord. No. 0-2015-67; 6/24/15)
FLAGS
In all nonresidential districts	3	24	35	5	See Sec. 10-411
TEMPORARY SIGNS
C-1, C-2, DBAC, PCD, PMXD-1, PMXD-2, INT, M-1, M-2	1/frontage	50	60	2	One temporary sign is allowed per lot, per street frontage. If the lot has more than 500 feet of frontage, one temporary sign per 500 feet of frontage may be displayed on the same lot. (Ord. No. 0-2016-76; 8/24/16)
Commercial Banners - Pole-mounted banners (displayed vertically) in C-1, C-2, DBAC, PCD, PMXD-1, PMXD-2, INT M-1 and M-2	Set of 10 = 1 Banner	8	4	2	Pole-mounted banners must be placed interior to the lot See Sec. 10-416 (Ord. No. 0-2016-76; 8/24/16)
Banners for properties participating in charitable and humanitarian activities in all districts		50	6		Planning director to determine number See Sec. 10-416 (Ord. No. 0-2016-76; 8/24/16)
Developments under construction in non-residential districts	1/ frontage	100	25	5	Displayed during construction phase; additional sign per 30 acres to be removed upon completion of project (Ord. No. 0-2016-76; 8/24/16)
Development sign	1/ 30 acres	100	25	5	Removed upon completion of project
Properties for sale or lease in non-residential districts	1 per frontage	32	15	2	Developments of 10 acres or more allowed one 64 SF sign per 500 ft of frontage. (Ord. No. 0-2016-76; 8/24/16)
Sandwich board signs in DBAC	1	8	6		Must not obstruct pedestrian traffic
BILLBOARDS
In M-1, M-2 districts and ETJ	1/ lot within city limits, In ETJ, subject to spacing requirements.	672	35	See Sec. 10-430(b)	See Sec. 10-430 (Ord. No. 0-2023-29; 4/26/23)

(Ord. No. 0-2010-20, 3/10/10) (Ord. No. 0-2010-119, 11/10/10)(Ord. No. 0-2011-45, 6/8/11)(Ord. No. 0-2012-83, 10/10/12)(Ord. No. 0-2013-41; 5/22/13)(Ord. No. 0-2015-67; 6/24/15) (Ord. No. 0-2016-76; 8/24/16) (Ord. No. 0-2019-62; 8/14/19) (Ord. No. 0-2021-23; 3/24/21) (Ord. No. 0-2023-29; 4/26/23)(Ord. No. 0-2024-68; 7/24/24)

Sec. 10-410. Master Signage Plans

   A master signage plan is an administrative permit which establishes standards (size, design, location, etc.) for all exterior signs associated with a multi-tenant/multi-building development with two or more tenants, whether on a single lot or multiple lots. The sign standards of the code provide clear regulations for the permitting, design, location, construction, modification, use, maintenance, and removal of signs in the City of Tyler.

   a.   Applicability

      A master signage plan is required for all multiple-tenant buildings, planned district developments and all multi-building or multi-occupant commercial developments.

   b.   General Requirements

      1.   The lot or lots involved must be contiguous constitute a single cohesive development.

      2.   The sign or signs must be located on a lot that one of the advertised businesses occupies. Alternately the property owner may secure an easement, and provide written evidence of such, from the owner or entity responsible for an adjacent property where a sign may be placed.

      3.   The sign must be designed in the overall architectural style of the buildings within the development.

      4.   The signs may be any sign type that is otherwise allowed by this code.

      5.   Private streets within the boundaries of the development are treated as public rights- of-way for purposes of determining allowable signage.

      6.   Individual pad or lease sites, defined in an approved site plan, are treated as separate lots for purposes of determining allowable signage; however, it is intended that a business will not be allowed advertising on both the multiple tenant (shared) sign and another free-standing business identification sign.

      7.   In addition to signage that would otherwise be allowed on a lot for business identification purposes, one additional monument sign not exceeding eight feet in height and 32 square feet in area may be located at each intersection of public roadways and/or private roadways for purposes of directing traffic to various areas and businesses within the development.

      8.   All other provisions of this code will be applicable to this sign category, including but not limited to, allowed number based on road frontage (multiple lot developments are treated as a single lot for this purpose), allowable size as a function of zoning district, spacing, illumination, materials, etc.

      9.   A wall sign displaying the name of a shopping center may be allowed for developments with less than 2,000 square feet in façade area as long as the proposed principal sign and tenants' signs do not exceed the maximum areas which all tenants with direct outdoor entrance or storefront could have individually. (Ord. No. 0-2012-83; 10/10/12)

   c.   Application Submittal Requirements

      1.   Master Application Form

      2.   $80 Filing Fee

      3.   The applicant shall provide two paper copies and one digital copy of the proposed site plan consistent with the information from the Site Development Plan Check List.

   d.   Review Process

      A master sign plan is an administrative permit issued by the planning director. The processing of a master sign plan will involve the following steps:

      1.   Formal application

      2.   Review for completeness of application

      3.   Staff review

      4.   Final action

   e.   Signs Subject to the Master Sign Plan

      Any sign for which a permit is required and that is part of a development for which a master sign plan has been approved must demonstrate at the time of application that such signs conform to the master sign plan.

   f.   Appeal

      1.   Per Article VIII, Division G of this code, an appeal of an administrative decision such as a master sign plan) may be filed by any person aggrieved by the administrative decision; and any officer, department, board or bureau of the city affected by the decision. The appeal is filed with the planning department and must specifically set forth all grounds for the appeal.

      2.   An appeal of an administrative decision must be made within 30 days after the date of the decision. Such decision will become final following expiration of the 30-day period if no appeal is filed.

      3.   The appeal authority for administrative decisions is the zoning board of adjustment.

(Ord. No. 0-2011-45, 6/8/11)

Sec. 10-411. Flags

Flags and flag poles are considered signs and are therefore subject to these regulations:

   a.   Flag poles erected in the city are limited to a maximum height of 35 feet, measured from the highest point of the pole to the ground level. Individual flag size is restricted to 24 square feet in area. A Flag and its groungd-supported staff shall be located on private property behind the property line.

   b.   A maximum of three flags or a maximum of three flagpoles with one flag on each flagpole may be located on a property.

   c.   Portable signs, advertising flags, excluding those permitted above, pennants, and other attraction gathering devices are prohibited within all zoning districts, except those allowed by the planning director through the issuance of a temporary use permit.

   d.   In all zoned districts, signs may not be located so as to cause a threat to the public health, safety, or welfare.

    (Ord. No. 0-2010-20; 3/10/10) (Ord. No. O-2010-119; 11/10/10) (Ord. No. 0-2023-29; 4/26/23)

Sec. 10-412. Window Signs

Window signs are permitted. The total area of all window signs on any given elevation of a building may not exceed 25 percent of the window area of that elevation.

Sec. 10-413. Freestanding Joint Use Signs

   a.   Sign Pooling

      A freestanding, joint use sign may be permitted to serve two or more tracts, each of which would otherwise be eligible for one freestanding sign. The joint use permit may authorize a larger area of a single sign utilized by all tracts than would be permitted for individual freestanding signs serving each tract. The total square footage of informational area may not exceed 80 percent of the cumulative area which could be permitted for the individual tracts served by the joint use sign. A joint use sign permit may only be granted in lieu of permits for individual freestanding signs. The total square footage in the informational area for a joint use sign may not exceed 300 square feet.

   b.   Joint Use Sign Permits

      1.   Before authorization of any joint use sign permit, the request therefore will be referred to the planning director for study and recommendation by staff concerning the effect of the proposed use on the character and development of the adjacent land uses. The planning director will decide whether to approve or deny the request.

      2.   The following information must accompany all joint use sign permit applications:

         (a)   A joint use agreement signed and acknowledged by each participating tract owner.

         (b)   The joint use agreement must specify the rights of each owner to use the joint use sign(s).

         (c)   The joint use agreement must stipulate that the rights to use the sign through each party to the agreement be set forth and the rights run with the land to the full benefit of the successors of the parties.

         (d)   A detailed site plan showing location, size, and architectural elevation of all proposed freestanding signs.

         (e)   A legal description of the area served by the joint use permit and sign and of each individual tract.

Sec. 10-414. Awning Signs

   a.   The copy/artwork on an awning must not exceed the area and size that is allowed for a wall sign on the wall to which it is attached. However, the total area of wall signs and awning signs on any wall must not exceed the area and size allowed for a single wall sign and must not extend more than 75 percent of the length of the awning.

   b.   All awnings and canopies have the potential to be signs and are therefore subject to Sign Construction and Maintenance Standards set forth in Section 10-406.

   c. The entire length and height of backlit awnings in which the lighting causes the illumination of the awning, of which the length will be limited to 75 percent of the façade of the building, will be counted toward the allowed square footage of the attached sign. (Ord. No. 0-2009-70, 6/10/09) (Ord. No. 0-2013-77; 8/28/13)

Sec. 10-415. Electronic Message Center Signs

   a.   In addition to the standards set forth in Table, all electronic message centers (EMC) signs located in the city must adhere to the following requirements:

      1.   EMCs must meet all the requirements of this sign code. All EMC signs shall comply with the appropriate City sign and other regulations.

      2.   The maximum height of any freestanding EMC that is not attached to or part of a multi-part freestanding sign is eight feet. Where an EMC is attached to or part of a multi-part freestanding sign, the maximum sign height will be determined according to the maximum permissible height of the sign type of which the EMC is a part.

      3.   The maximum area of an EMC sign shall not exceed sixty-four (64) square feet, and is in addition to other sign allowances. As an EMC sign is a form of reader board, the EMC sign square footage may not be coupled with any other form of reader board.

      4.   Minimum separation between EMC signs is 70’, unless approved by the Planning Director based on visibility needs.

      5.   EMCs may be used for all or part of an on-premise sign that displays a commercial or noncommercial message. EMCs may not display off-premises commercial advertising, unless located in DBAC properties within the downtown planning area defined in the Comprehensive Plan and meeting all requirements of subsection 16. below;

      6.   All EMC signs shall have a minimum hold of three (3) seconds, plus one (1) second for each additional line of copy over three (3) lines. (Ord. No. 0-2010-119; 11/10/10)

      7.   No animation of any type, or flashing light, or "spell on" display mode is allowed on any EMC.

      8.   All EMC signs shall be antiglare. All EMCs must be equipped with an automatic dimmer device. 

      9.   As measured at the property line, the maximum light emanation from an EMC sign shall be no greater than .2 footcandles.

      10.   No EMC signs are allowed within or facing historic districts.

      11.   Any malfunctioning EMC must be turned off or display a blank screen until repaired.

      12.   All electrical equipment used to operate or install an EMC must be UL listed.

      13.   All electrical power to an EMC sign must be supplied via underground carrier, inside approved conduit, and must be installed according to the city electrical requirements.

      14.   All EMC signs shall be kept in good operating condition and maintained with good external appearance.

      15.   EMC signs must not face single family zoned property consisting of the following zoning designations: RE, R-1A, R-1B, R-1C, R-1D, R-2, PXR and PUR or property used for single family regardless of zoning. Property used for institutional uses regardless of zoning may face single family zoned property or property used for single family.

                               (a) Property used for institutional uses regardless of zoning is allowed one EMC sign that shall not exceed 24 square feet; display must be turned off between 9:30 p.m. and 6:00 a.m., and the sign shall utilize amber light only. Signs within 50 feet of a property line of an adjacent residentially-used property are limited to amber light only. (Ord. No. 0-2016-8; 1/27/16)

                        (b) Where the subject property has multiple frontages, EMC signs must be placed on the frontage with the higher road classification.

      16.   EMC marquee signs in DBAC properties within the downtown planning area defined in the Comprehensive Plan shall be placed on a projecting marquee feature for on-premise and/or off-premise advertising and may only be permitted through a Special Use Permit approved by City Council. When considering a Special Use Permit for an EMC marquee sign, the City Council may consider the following:

      (a) Sign is contextual to the architecture and/or historical image of building and DBAC district in general.

      (b) Sign includes time dedicated to promoting downtown Tyler.

      (c) Sign meets the intent to restore and rehabilitate historically used marquees.

      (d) Sign color scheme promotes downtown sense of place.

      17. EMC signs in INT and C-1 districts are permitted additional area allowances given the speed limit of the street adjacent to the sign, as shown in the following table supplied by United States Sign Council:

 

Speed of street adjacent to sign (MPH)	Sign Size (square feet)
40	32
45	40
50	50
55	60

(Ord. No. 0-2013-41; 5/22/13)

   b.   If any non-conforming existing EMC sign is damaged so that repairs would cost as much as 60 percent of the value of the sign, the sign may be repaired only if it is brought into conformance with this ordinance. (ORD. 0-97-62, 12/10/97) (Ord. No. 0-2007-94; 7/25/07). (Ord. No. 0-2009-100, 9/23/09) (Ord. No. 0-2011-45, 6/8/11)

Sec. 10-416. Temporary Signs and Holiday Decorations

   a.   General Requirements

      Only temporary signs listed in this section are allowed.

      1.   Term

         Each type of temporary sign that is allowed under this section may be displayed on a property year round.

      2.   No Permit Required

         The display of temporary signs does not require a Temporary Sign Permit (TSP) or further approval, unless otherwise stated in this Section.

      3.   Number

         One temporary sign is allowed per lot, per street frontage. If the lot has more than 500 feet of frontage, one temporary sign per 500 feet of frontage may be displayed on the same lot.

      4.   Other Conditions

         A temporary sign is allowed only in designated districts and is subject to all other requirements of that district.

      5.   Maintenance

         All allowed temporary signs must be kept in good condition. Temporary signs that do not meet maintenance requirements must be removed.

      6.   Location

         A temporary sign must be placed on the property which it is advertising and not in the public right-of-way. Pole-mounted banners on all street frontages must be setback a minimum of 60 feet from the property line to be considered interior to the lot. (Ord. No. 0-2011-45; 6/8/2011)(Ord. No. 0-2013-41; 5/22/13)

   b.   Temporary Sign Types

      1.   Commercial Banners and Coroplast Signs

         Commercial banners and coroplast signs are subject to the requirements set forth in the table in Sec. 10-409 and of this section. There are two types of commercial banners:

         i.   Ground-mounted banners and signs:
            Ground-mounted banners and signs shall be supported by two posts implanted into the ground.

         ii.    Pole-mounted banners:

            Displayed vertically, mounted on two rods that extend perpendicularly to a pole. Such banners may be part of an overall exterior signage package.

         iii.    Wall mounted banners:

            Displayed horizontally on a exterior building wall, face, or side. Wall mounted banners typically display information regarding commercial events, such as grand openings, sales, or property leasing information.

   For the purposes of this section, a set or group of up to 10 pole-mounted banners will be considered a single banner. (Ord. No. 0-2010-119; 11/10/10) (Ord. No. 0-2018-83; 10/24/18)

      2.   Decorative and Noncommercial Banners

         Non-Commercial banners placed on private property are limited to 50 square feet and one banner is allowed per street frontage. Banners proposed to be placed in the public right-of-way require a permit from the Planning Director and may be placed for no more than 30 consecutive days.

         Such banners will be allowed for the following public events and entities and are permitted year round.

         (a)   Charitable and humanitarian events;

         (b)   Educational, scholastic, or artistic events;

         (c)   Banners intended for use by sponsors of non-profit community activities such as festivals, conventions, major events, and general street beautification will be allowed within all districts if signed by the property owner and if approved by the planning director;

         (d)   Banners displayed on publicly owned property (parks, convention centers, and buildings) must be approved by the designated representative of the property and are limited to activities occurring on the publicly owned property; or

         (e)   Within schools, religious institutions, and facilities of similar use, and all office, commercial and industrial zoning districts.

      3. Holiday Decorations

Holiday decorations for multi-family and nonresidential Districts are subject to the requirements set forth in the table in Sec. 10-409 and of this section.

(a)    Holiday decorations are allowed for a maximum of 14 days prior to a federally recognized holiday. All decorations must be removed immediately following the holiday. A 15 day extension may be allowed with a temporary sign permit granted by the Planning Director. In no case may holiday decorations ever be displayed more than 45 consecutive days.

                             (b) All decorations must be specific to the holiday celebrated and non-commercial in nature.

                            (c) Decorations on collector or arterial roadways must not flash, blink, move or otherwise be distracting to the motoring public.

(Ord. No. 0-2010-20; 3/10/10)