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A. The following forms of development are exempt from the requirements of this section:
1. Lawfully-established lots of record existing prior to January 1, 2020, that are 33 feet wide or less, contain a single-family detached residential structure, and are not served by an alley;
2. Re-striping an existing parking lot which does not create a deficient number of parking spaces or a nonconforming situation; and
3. Rehabilitation or re-use of an historic structure in an LHO district.
B. Development located in the DTC and DTP districts is exempted from the minimum off-street parking requirements in Table 5.8.4.H, Minimum Off-Street Parking Requirements Table, but any off-street parking spaces shall comply with the standards in Section 5.8.5, Parking Lot Configuration, and development is subject to the other standards in this section.
(Ord. 2020-36, passed 12-2-2019)
A. Parking Plan Required. Every application for a site plan or building permit shall include a parking plan or plot plan drawn to scale and fully-dimensioned as necessary in order to demonstrate compliance with the standards in this Ordinance.
B. Minimum Off-Street Parking Spaces Required.
1. The minimum number of off-street parking spaces required for development shall be in accordance with Table 5.8.4.H, Minimum Off-Street Parking Requirements Table.
2. Off-street parking shall be provided to meet the parking demand without the use of streets, except as specifically allowed by this section.
C. Off-Street Parking Space Maximum.
1. Retail use types subject to the standards in Section 5.3.1.G, Standards for Large Format Retail Uses, shall limit the total number of off-street parking spaces provided to not more than 125 percent of the minimum parking spaces required in Table 5.8.4.H, Minimum Off-Street Parking Requirements Table.
2. Deviations from this standard may be requested in accordance with Section 5.8.11, Parking Alternatives.
D. Use Type Not Listed.
1. For use types that do not correspond to the use types listed in Table 5.8.4.H, Minimum Off-Street Parking Requirements Table, any one of the following actions may be taken as part of determining the applicable off-street parking requirements:
a. The applicant may provide a parking study for the use(s) prepared by a professional engineer licensed by the State of North Carolina;
b. The applicant may propose a text amendment to this UDO in accordance with Section 2.2.20, UDO Text Amendment;
c. The applicant may request a formal interpretation of these off-street parking standards in accordance with Section 2.2.12, Interpretation; or
d. The Planning Director may determine the minimum parking space requirement based on a similar use in accordance with the standards of this Ordinance.
2. In cases where the applicant desires the Planning Director to make a determination, the application shall provide adequate information for review, which includes, but is not limited to: the type of use(s), number of employees, the availability of transit, the occupancy of the building, square feet of sales, service and office area, parking spaces proposed, and hours of operation.
E. Developments with Multiple Use Types or Lots.
1. Development containing more than one principal use shall provide the minimum number of off-street parking spaces in an amount equal to the total required for all individual principal uses in the development, except as allowed by Section 5.8.11, Parking Alternatives.
2. Developments consisting of multiple lots that are planned and developed as a single, unified, or consolidated project may be configured to locate a portion of the required parking for one lot on another in the same development as allowed by Section 5.8.11, Parking Alternatives.
F. Use of Required Off-Street Parking Spaces.
1. Off-street parking areas used for any of the following vehicles are not credited towards the minimum number of required off-street parking spaces in Table 5.8.4.H, Minimum Off-Street Parking Requirements Table, and such vehicles shell be located outside required off-street parking spaces and any street right-of-way:
a. Vehicles for sale or lease;
b. Vehicles being stored, serviced, or repaired; or
c. Vehicles belonging to the use, such as company vehicles.
2. Required off-street parking spaces shall not be used for any purpose other than the temporary parking of operable vehicles.
3. In no instance shall motor vehicle servicing or repair of a vehicle take place within a required off-street parking space except for washing and emergency service necessary to start the vehicle.
G. Driveways Used to Meet Parking Requirements.
1. Driveways may be used to accommodate required off-street parking spaces only for the following uses:
a. Boarding/rooming houses;
b. Duplex dwellings;
c. Cemeteries;
d. Family care homes;
e. Group homes;
f. Live/work dwellings;
g. Manufactured dwellings;
h. Mobile homes;
i. Single-family attached dwellings when located in developments of six or fewer dwellings;
j. Single-family detached dwellings, including those in bungalow courts and pocket neighborhoods; and
k. Triplex/quadplex dwellings.
2. Driveways shall be of sufficient size to accommodate all the off-street parking spaces required by Table 5.8.4.H, Minimum Off-Street Parking Requirements Table. In no instance shall accommodation of vehicle parking in accordance with this subsection result in parked vehicles protruding into or over street rights-of-way, sidewalks, greenways, required sight distance triangles, areas used for refuse collection, or required landscaping areas.
H. Minimum Off-street Parking Requirements Table.
Use Type | Minimum Number of Required Off-Street Parking Spaces [1][2] |
Use Type | Minimum Number of Required Off-Street Parking Spaces [1][2] |
Residential Use Types | |
Assisted Living Facility | 1 per employee on the largest shift + 0.25 per bed |
Boarding/Rooming House | 2 + 1 per each rental room |
Bungalow Court | 1 + 0.25 guest spaces per dwelling unit |
Continuing Care Retirement Community | 1.5 per every individual dwelling unit + 1 per every employee on the largest shift + per every 200 sf used by the public |
Duplex Dwelling | 2 per every dwelling unit |
Family Care Home | 2 + 1 per bedroom |
Group Home | 2 + 1 per bedroom |
Halfway House | 2 per bedroom |
Live/Work Dwelling | 2 + 1 per every 500 sf of non-residential floor area |
Manufactured Dwelling | 2 per dwelling unit |
Manufactured Dwelling Park | 2 per every home site |
Mobile Home | 2 per dwelling unit |
Mobile Home Park | 2 per every mobile home site |
Multi-Family Dwelling | 1.5 per every dwelling unit + 0.25 guest spaces per unit |
Pocket Neighborhood | 1 + 0.25 guest spaces per dwelling unit |
TABLE 5.8.4.H: MINIMUM OFF-STREET PARKING SPACES REQUIRED | |
Use Type | Minimum Number of Required Off-Street Parking Spaces [1][2] |
TABLE 5.8.4.H: MINIMUM OFF-STREET PARKING SPACES REQUIRED | |
Use Type | Minimum Number of Required Off-Street Parking Spaces [1][2] |
Nursing Home | 1 per employee on largest shift + 0.25 per bed |
Single-Family Attached Dwelling | 2 per every dwelling unit + 0.25 guest spaces per unit |
Single-Family Detached Dwelling | 2 per dwelling unit + 0.25 guest spaces per unit |
Triplex/Quadriplex | 2 per every dwelling unit |
Upper-Story Residential | 1 per dwelling unit |
Institutional Use Types | |
Adult Day Care Center | 1 + 1 per every employee on largest shift |
Airport and Related Facilities | 1 per every 200 sf used by public + 1 per every 600 sf not used by the public [3] |
Antenna Collocation, Major | None |
Antenna Collocation, Minor | None |
Arboretum or Formal Garden | 1 per employee on largest shift + 1 per 5,000 sf of garden area |
Auditorium | Greater of: 1 per every 4 seats or 1 per every 40 sf of seating area with moveable seating |
Blood/Tissue Collection | 1 per every 200 sf |
Broadcasting Studio | 1 per every 2 employees |
Cemetery, Columbarium, or Mausoleum | 1 per employee on the largest shift |
Child Day Care Center | 1 per every employee + 1 per every 10 children |
College or University | 5 per every classroom and office |
Community/Youth/Senior Center | 1 per every 300 sf |
Community Garden | None |
TABLE 5.8.4.H: MINIMUM OFF-STREET PARKING SPACES REQUIRED | |
Use Type | Minimum Number of Required Off-Street Parking Spaces [1][2] |
TABLE 5.8.4.H: MINIMUM OFF-STREET PARKING SPACES REQUIRED | |
Use Type | Minimum Number of Required Off-Street Parking Spaces [1][2] |
Coliseum or Arena | Greater of: 1 per every 4 seats or 1 per every 40 sf of seating area with moveable seating |
Conference or Convention Center | Greater of: 1 per every 4 seats or 1 per every 40 sf of seating area with moveable seating |
Cultural Facility, Library, or Museum | 1 per every 200 sf used by public + 1 per every 600 sf not used by the public |
Drug/Alcohol Treatment | Greater of: 1 per every 400 sf or 1 per bed |
Fire/EMS/Police Station | 1 per every 200 sf used by public + 1 per every 600 sf not used by the public |
Fraternal Club or Lodge | 1 per every 300 sf |
Government Office | 1 per every 200 sf used by public + 1 per every 600 sf not used by the public |
Government Maintenance, Storage, Distribution | 1 per every 200 sf used by public + 1 per every 600 sf not used by the public |
Helicopter Landing Pad | 2 per landing pad |
Hospital | 1 per every 2 beds + 1 per every doctor and nurse + 1 per every 4 other employees |
Indoor Private Recreation | 1 per every 200 sf |
Outdoor Private Recreation | 1 per every 1,000 sf of activity area |
Park (public or private) | 1 per employee on largest shift + 1 per acre |
Passenger Terminal (rail or bus) | 1 per every 200 sf [3] |
Post Office | 1 per every 200 sf used by public + 1 per every 600 sf not used by the public |
Psychiatric Treatment Facility | 1 per every 3 patient beds |
Religious Institution | Greater of: 1 per every 6 seats or 1 per every 50 sf of floor area in main assembly room |
TABLE 5.8.4.H: MINIMUM OFF-STREET PARKING SPACES REQUIRED | |
Use Type | Minimum Number of Required Off-Street Parking Spaces [1][2] |
TABLE 5.8.4.H: MINIMUM OFF-STREET PARKING SPACES REQUIRED | |
Use Type | Minimum Number of Required Off-Street Parking Spaces [1][2] |
School, Elementary | 1 per employee |
School, High/Middle | 5 per every classroom and office |
School, Vocational | 5 per every classroom and office |
Small Wireless Facility | None |
Telecommunications Tower, Major | None |
Telecommunications Tower, Minor or Concealed | None |
Temporary Wireless Facility | None |
Urgent Care Facility | 1 per employee on the largest shift + 1 per every 300 sf |
Utility, Major | 1 per every 1,500 sf |
Utility, Minor | None |
Commercial Use Types | |
ABC Store | 1 per every 250 sf |
Adult Business | 1 per every 150 sf |
Aircraft Parts, Sales, and Maintenance | 1 per every 600 sf |
Animal Day Care/Grooming | 1 per every 200 sf used by public + 1 per every 600 sf not used by the public |
Animal Shelter | 1 per every 200 sf used by public + 1 per every 600 sf not used by the public |
Auction House | 1 per every 300 sf of seating area + 1 per employee |
Automobile Repair and Servicing (without painting/bodywork) | 2 + 1 per every service bay |
Automobile Sales and Rentals | 1 per every 200 sf |
TABLE 5.8.4.H: MINIMUM OFF-STREET PARKING SPACES REQUIRED | |
Use Type | Minimum Number of Required Off-Street Parking Spaces [1][2] |
TABLE 5.8.4.H: MINIMUM OFF-STREET PARKING SPACES REQUIRED | |
Use Type | Minimum Number of Required Off-Street Parking Spaces [1][2] |
Automotive Painting/Body Shop | 2 + 1 per every service bay |
Automotive Parts and Accessories Sales | 1 per every 200 sf |
Automotive Wrecker Yard | 1 per employee on the largest shift |
Bar, Cocktail Lounge, or Private Club | 1 per every 150 sf |
Bed and Breakfast | 2 + 1 per every rental unit |
Boat and Marine Rental, Sales, and Service | 1 per every 600 sf |
Bottle Shop (with on premise consumption) | 1 per every 4 seats |
Business Incubator | 1 per every 450 sf |
Campground | 1 + 1 per every camping space |
Car Wash or Automobile Detailing | 2 per every washing bay |
Catering Establishment | 1 per every 300 sf |
Check Cashing/Payday Lending Establishment | 1 per every 200 sf used by public + 1 per every 600 sf not used by the public |
Clothing Rental | 1 per every 200 sf |
Coffee Shop | 1 per every 150 sf |
Commercial Recreation, Indoor | 1 per every 200 sf |
Commercial Recreation, Outdoor | 1 per every 1,000 sf of activity area (including building sf) |
Computer-Related Services | 1 per every 600 sf |
Convenience Store (no gasoline sales) | 1 per every 200 sf |
TABLE 5.8.4.H: MINIMUM OFF-STREET PARKING SPACES REQUIRED | |
Use Type | Minimum Number of Required Off-Street Parking Spaces [1][2] |
TABLE 5.8.4.H: MINIMUM OFF-STREET PARKING SPACES REQUIRED | |
Use Type | Minimum Number of Required Off-Street Parking Spaces [1][2] |
Convenience Store (with gasoline sales) | 1 per every 200 sf |
Co-Working Space | 1 per every 250 sf |
Equipment and Tool Rental | 1 per every 600 sf |
Event Venue | 1 per every 150 sf |
Fairgrounds | 1 per every 600 sf of use area |
Financial Services Establishment | 1 per every 200 sf used by public + 1 per every 600 sf not used by the public |
Flea Market | 1 per every 200 sf |
Funeral-Related Services | Greater of: 1 per every 200 sf used by public, or 1 per every 4 seats in chapel |
Games of Skill | 1 per every 200 sf |
Golf Course or Driving Range | 1 per every 4 persons of design capacity or 2 + 1 per every tee |
Grocery Store | 1 per every 250 sf |
Gymnasium/Fitness Center | 1 per every 200 sf |
Hair, Nails, and Skin-Related Services | 1 per every 200 sf |
Heavy Equipment Sales, Rental, and Repair | 1 per every 600 sf |
Hotel or Motel | 5 + 1 per every rental unit |
Kennel, Indoor/Outdoor | 1 per every 200 sf |
Laundry or Cleaning Service | 1 per every 200 sf used by the public |
Microbrewery, Microwinery, or Microdistillery | 1 per every 150 sf |
TABLE 5.8.4.H: MINIMUM OFF-STREET PARKING SPACES REQUIRED | |
Use Type | Minimum Number of Required Off-Street Parking Spaces [1][2] |
TABLE 5.8.4.H: MINIMUM OFF-STREET PARKING SPACES REQUIRED | |
Use Type | Minimum Number of Required Off-Street Parking Spaces [1][2] |
Nightclub or Dance Hall | 1 per every 150 sf |
Office, Medical | 4 per every doctor/practitioner |
Office, Professional | 1 per every 200 sf used by public + 1 per every 600 sf not used by the public |
Office, Sales or Service | 1 per every 200 sf used by public + 1 per every 600 sf not used by the public |
Outdoor Storage | 1 + 1 per employee on largest shift |
Package and Printing Service | 1 per every 200 sf |
Park and Ride Facility | 1 per employee on the largest shift |
Parking Lot | 1 per employee on largest shift |
Parking Structure | 1 per employee on largest shift |
Pharmacy | 1 per every 200 sf |
Pool Hall | 1 per every 150 sf |
Racetrack | 1 per every 4 persons of design capacity |
Recreational Vehicle Park | 1 per employee on largest shift + 0.25 per every recreational vehicle space |
Repair Shop | 1 per every 600 sf |
Restaurant, Indoor/Outdoor Seating | 1 per every 4 seats |
Restaurant with Drive-Through/Drive-Up Service | 1 per every 4 seats |
Restaurant, Walk-Up Only | 1 per employee on largest shift + 1 per every two outdoor seating locations |
Retail, Bulky Item | 1 per every 600 sf |
TABLE 5.8.4.H: MINIMUM OFF-STREET PARKING SPACES REQUIRED | |
Use Type | Minimum Number of Required Off-Street Parking Spaces [1][2] |
TABLE 5.8.4.H: MINIMUM OFF-STREET PARKING SPACES REQUIRED | |
Use Type | Minimum Number of Required Off-Street Parking Spaces [1][2] |
Retail, Large Format | 1 per every 200 sf |
Retail Use, Other | 1 per every 200 sf |
Self Service Storage, External Access Only | 1 + 1 per employee on largest shift |
Self Service Storage, Internal Access Only | 1 per every 5,000 sf |
Shooting Range, Indoor | 1 per firing station + 3 |
Specialty Eating Establishment | 1 per every 4 seats |
Tattoo and Piercing Establishment | 1 per every 600 sf |
Theatre | Greater of: 1 per every 4 seats or 1 per every 40 sf of seating area with moveable seating |
Truck Stop | 1 per every 200 sf + separate truck/trailer parking |
Veterinary Clinic | 4 per every doctor |
Industrial Use Types | |
Asphalt or Concrete Plant | 2 per every 3 employees on major shift |
Contractor Services/Yard | Greater of: 1 per every 300 sf or 1 per every 1,000 sf of outdoor area |
Electrical, Plastic, or Plumbing Fabrication | 2 per every 3 employees on major shift |
Extractive Industry | 1 + 1 per employee on largest shift |
Flex Space | 1 per every 200 sf |
Fuel Oil/Bottled Gas Distributor | 1 per every 200 sf used by public + 1 per employee on largest shift |
Gas Energy Conversion | 1 + 1 per employee on largest shift |
General Industrial Services | 2 per every 3 employees on major shift |
TABLE 5.8.4.H: MINIMUM OFF-STREET PARKING SPACES REQUIRED | |
Use Type | Minimum Number of Required Off-Street Parking Spaces [1][2] |
TABLE 5.8.4.H: MINIMUM OFF-STREET PARKING SPACES REQUIRED | |
Use Type | Minimum Number of Required Off-Street Parking Spaces [1][2] |
Landfill | 2 + 1 per employee on largest shift |
Makerspace | 1 per every 400 sf |
Manufacturing, Heavy | 2 per every 3 employees on largest shift |
Manufacturing, Light | 2 per every 3 employees on largest shift |
Metal Fabrication | 2 per every 3 employees on major shift |
Public Convenience Center/Transfer Station | 10 + 1 per employee on the largest shift |
Recycling Center | 1 per every 1,000 sf (min. of 2 spaces) |
Research and Development | 1 per every 300 sf of office area + 1 per every 500 sf of other floor area |
Salvage or Junkyard | 3 + 1 per employee on the largest shift |
Solar Farm | None |
Truck or Freight Terminal | 2 per every 3 employees on largest shift |
Warehouse, Distribution | 2 per every 3 employees on largest shift |
Warehouse, Storage | 2 per every 3 employees on largest shift |
Waste Composting | 1 per employee on the largest shift |
Wholesale Sales | 1 per every 900 sf |
Wind Energy Conversion | None |
Agricultural Use Types | |
Agriculture and Horticulture | 1 per every 1,500 sf of principal building floor area |
Agriculture Support Services | 1 per every 800 sf of principal building floor area |
Animal Husbandry | 1 per every 2,000 sf of principal building floor area |
TABLE 5.8.4.H: MINIMUM OFF-STREET PARKING SPACES REQUIRED | |
Use Type | Minimum Number of Required Off-Street Parking Spaces [1][2] |
Farmer's Market | 1 per every 300 sf |
Plant Nursery | 5 + 1 per employee on the largest shift |
Notes: [l] See Section 9.3.11 Parking Space Computation, for details on how required parking spaces are computed. [2] "sf" means square feet. [3] Does not include long-term parking for travelers. [4] Excludes bona fide farm uses. |
(Ord. 2020-36, passed 12-2-2019; Ord. 2022-19, passed 10-4-2021)
A. General.
1. All required off-street parking spaces shall be located on the same lot as the principal use they serve, except as allowed in Section 5.8.11, Parking Alternatives.
2. Required off-street parking shall be maintained for the duration of the principal use and shall not be reduced unless the principal use ceases or changes.
3. Except where allowed by this Ordinance, off-street parking spaces shall not be located in any required landscaping or stormwater management area.
4. Off-street parking spaces shall not protrude into any street, fire lane, drive aisle, sidewalk, greenway, or pedestrian connection.
B. Dimensional Standards for Parking Spaces and Aisles. Off-street parking spaces and drive aisles serving them shall comply with the minimum dimensional standards established in Table 5.8.5.B: Dimensional Standards for Off-Street Parking Spaces, and Figure 9.3.11.F: Parking Space and Access Aisle Dimensions.
Type of Parking [1] | Minimum Width (feet) | Minimum Depth (feet) | Minimum Aisle Width (feet) [2] | |
One Way | Two Way [3] |
Type of Parking [1] | Minimum Width (feet) | Minimum Depth (feet) | Minimum Aisle Width (feet) [2] | |
One Way | Two Way [3] | |||
Parallel (0°) | 9 | 20 | 13 | 19 |
Angled (30°) | 10 | 19 | 12 | 20 |
Angled (45°) | 10 | 19 | 13 | 21 |
Angled (60°) | 10 | 19 | 18 | 23 |
Perpendicular (90°) | 9 | 19 | 20 | 24 |
Compact | 8.5 | 18 | 20 | 24 |
Notes: [1] All off-street parking spaces shall remain unobstructed from grade level to a height of at least 6 ½ feet above the parking space's grade level. [2] Minimum aisle width shall be measured from edge-of-pavement to edge-of-pavement, and shall not include gutters or curbing. [3] The Town may require one direction of travel to maintain a wider width than the other direction. | ||||
C. Minimum Parking Lot Stem Length. All vehicular accessways serving off-street parking lots shall comply with the standards in Section 5.1.6.F Minimum Parking Lot Stem Length.
D. Parking Space Access.
1. All off-street parking spaces shall be accessed directly from drive aisles or private driveways and not directly from arterial or collector streets.
2. All off-street parking areas shall be designed with an appropriate means of vehicular access to a street or alley in a manner that allows for safe vehicular movements.
E. Vehicle Backing. Vehicular use areas shall be designed so that a vehicle is not required to back onto a street to enter or exit the parking lot, a parking space, or a stacking space.
F. Surface Materials.
1. Except for use types identified in subsection (3) below, all off-street parking spaces, accessible parking spaces, drive aisles, and vehicular use areas shall be paved and maintained with concrete, asphalt, or similar material of sufficient thickness and consistency to support anticipated traffic volumes and weights (see Figure O: Parking Lot Surface Materials).
2. The use of pervious or semi-pervious materials may be approved as part of an alternative parking plan (see Section 5.8.11, Parking Alternatives), provided it is demonstrated that the materials will function in a similar fashion as required materials.
3. Required off-street parking spaces (excluding accessible parking spaces), drive aisles, and vehicular use areas may be constructed with gravel or other approved comparable all-weather surface for the following:
a. Parking used on an irregular basis for religious institutions, private clubs or lodges, and other similar nonprofit organizations;
b. Parking for a bed and breakfast establishment where six or fewer spaces are required; and
c. Parking for an office use converted from a single-family detached dwelling where four or fewer spaces are required.
4. Configuration of parking lots in accordance with low impact development practices (see Table 5.12.6: Menu of Sustainable Development Practices) is encouraged.
![](https://export.amlegal.com/media/2495b05de12b236a14759a1c64ca1c1b1104f32d/IMAGES/0-0-0-304.jpg)
G. Grading and Drainage.
1. The parking lot shall be graded, properly drained, stabilized, and maintained to minimize dust and erosion.
2. Parking lots shall not impound stormwater unless surface impoundment is required as a method of stormwater management. However, in no instance shall surface impoundment result in a fewer number of parking spaces than required by Table 5.8.4.H, Minimum Off-Street Parking Requirements Table.
3. Parking lots shall not drain onto or across public sidewalks, or into adjacent property except into a natural watercourse or a drainage easement unless alternative provisions for drainage are proposed and accepted by the Planning Director.
H. Pedestrian Walkways. Pedestrian walkways between the principal buildings on a development site and a sidewalk or other pedestrian way (like a greenway trail) shall be provided in accordance with Section 5.1, Access and Circulation.
I. Markings. All parking spaces and lanes in parking lots shall be clearly delineated with paint lines, curbs, or other treatment.
J. Curbs and Wheel Stops. All off-street parking spaces provided in accordance with Table 5.8.4.H, Minimum Off-Street Parking Requirements Table, shall have curbs or wheel stops located so that no part of the parked vehicle extends onto or over a sidewalk, walkway of six feet in width or less, adjacent property, or landscape area, whether the vehicular use area is paved or unpaved.
K. Separation from Fire Protection Facilities.
1. No required off-street parking space shall be located within 15 feet of a fire hydrant or other fire protection facility.
2. Parking shall not take place within designated fire lanes or other areas demarcated for fire protection.
L. Exterior Lighting.
1. Exterior lighting in parking lots shall be designed to provide illumination of parking lot areas for the purposes of safe vehicle and pedestrian circulation.
2. Exterior lighting within a parking lot shall be configured to prevent glare or illumination exceeding maximum allowable levels on adjacent land and shall comply with the standards of Section 5.4, Exterior Lighting, as appropriate.
M. Landscaping. Parking lot landscaping shall be provided in accordance with Section 5.6, Landscaping.
(Ord. 2020-36, passed 12-2-2019; Ord. 2025-11, passed 10-7-2024)
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