(a) General: The stormwater system, including SCMs for storage, treatment and control, and conveyance facilities, shall be designed to prevent structure flooding during the 100-year, 24-hour storm event; to maintain predevelopment runoff patterns, flows, and volumes; and to meet the following criteria:
(1) Integrated practices that address degradation of water resources. The SCMs shall function as an integrated system that controls flooding and minimizes the degradation of the physical, biological, and chemical integrity of the water resources receiving stormwater discharges from the site. Acceptable SCMs shall:
A. Not disturb riparian areas, unless the disturbance is intended to support a watercourse restoration project and comply with Chapter 1540 Riparian Setbacks.
B. Maintain predevelopment hydrology and groundwater recharge on as much of the site as practicable.
C. Only install new impervious surfaces and compact soils where necessary to support the future land use.
D. Compensate for increased runoff volumes caused by new impervious surfaces and soil compaction by reducing stormwater peak flows to less than predevelopment levels. SCMs that meet the criteria in this regulation, and additional criteria required by the City Engineer, shall comply with this regulation.
(2) SCMs designed for final use: SCMs shall be designed to achieve the stormwater management objectives of this regulation, to be compatible with the proposed post-construction use of the site, to protect the public health, safety, and welfare, and to function safely with routine maintenance.
(3) Stormwater management for all lots: Areas developed for a subdivision, as defined in Section 1240.07(b)(11), shall provide stormwater management and water quality controls for the development of all subdivided lots. This shall include provisions for lot grading and drainage that prevent structure flooding during the 100-year, 24-hour storm; and maintain, to the extent practicable, the pre-development runoff patterns, volumes, and peaks from each lot.
(4) Stormwater facilities in water resources: SCMs and related activities shall not be constructed in water resources unless the owner shows proof of compliance with all appropriate permits from the Ohio EPA, the U.S. Army Corps, and other applicable federal, state, and local agencies as required in Section 1510.07 of this regulation, and the activity is in compliance with Chapter 1520 and Chapter 1540, all as determined by the City Engineer.
(5) Stormwater ponds and surface conveyance channels: All stormwater pond and surface conveyance designs must provide a minimum of one (1) foot freeboard above the projected peak stage within the facility during the 100-year, 24-hour storm. When designing stormwater ponds and conveyance channels, the owner shall consider public safety as a design factor and alternative designs must be implemented where site limitations would preclude a safe design.
(6) Exemption: The site where soil-disturbing activities are conducted shall be exempt from the requirements of Section 1510.09 if it can be shown to the satisfaction of the City Engineer that the site is part of a larger common plan of development where the stormwater management requirements for the site are provided by an existing SCM, or if the stormwater management requirements for the site are provided by SCMs defined in a regional or local stormwater management plan approved by the City Engineer.
(7) Maintenance: All SCMs shall be maintained in accordance with the Inspection and Maintenance Plan and Agreements approved by the City Engineer as detailed in Section 1510.08.
(8) Ownership: Unless otherwise required by the City of Pepper Pike, SCMs serving multiple lots in subdivisions shall be on a separate lot held and maintained by an entity of common ownership or, if compensated by the property owners, by the City of Pepper Pike. SCMs serving single lots shall be placed on these lots, protected within an easement, and maintained by the property owner.
(9) Preservation of Existing Natural Drainage. SCMs that preserve and/or improve the existing natural drainage shall be used to the maximum extent practicable. Such SCMs may include minimizing site grading and compaction; protecting and/or restoring water resources, riparian areas, and existing vegetation and vegetative buffer strips; phasing of construction operations in order to minimize the amount of disturbed land at any one time, and designation of tree preservation areas or other protective clearing and grubbing practices; and maintaining un concentrated stormwater runoff to and through these areas. Post-construction stormwater practices shall provide perpetual management of runoff quality and quantity so that a receiving stream's physical, chemical and biological characteristics are protected and ecological functions are maintained.
(10) Preservation of Wetland Hydrology: Concentrated stormwater runoff from SCMs to wetlands shall be converted to diffuse flow before the runoff enters a the wetland in order to protect the natural hydrology, hydroperiod, and wetland flora. The flow shall be released such that no erosion occurs down slope. Practices such as level spreaders, vegetative buffers, infiltration basins, conservation of forest covers, and the preservation of intermittent streams, depressions, and drainage corridors may be used to maintain the wetland hydrology. If the owner proposes to discharge to natural wetlands, a hydrological analysis shall be performed to demonstrate that the proposed discharge matches the predevelopment hydroperiods and hydrodynamics.
(b) Stormwater Conveyance Design Criteria: All SCMs shall be designed to convey stormwater to allow for the maximum removal of pollutants and reduction in flow velocities. This shall include but not be limited to:
(1) Surface water protection: The City Engineer may allow modification to streams, rivers, lakes, wetlands or other surface waters only if the owner shows proof of compliance with all appropriate permits from the Ohio EPA, the U.S. Army Corps, and other applicable federal, state, and local agencies as required in Section 1510.07 of this regulation, and the activity is in compliance with Section 1520 and Section 1540, all as determined by the City Engineer. At a minimum, stream relocation designs must show how the project will minimize changes to the vertical stability, floodplain form, channel form, and habitat of upstream and downstream channels on and off the property
(2) Off-site stormwater discharges: Off-site stormwater runoff that discharges to or across the owner's development site shall be conveyed through the stormwater conveyance system planned for the development site at its existing peak flow rates during each design storm. Off-site flows shall be diverted around stormwater quality control facilities or, if this is not possible, the stormwater quality control facility shall be sized to treat the off-site flow. Comprehensive Stormwater Management Plans will not be approved until it is demonstrated to the satisfaction of the City Engineer that off-site runoff will be adequately conveyed through the development site in a manner that does not exacerbate upstream or downstream flooding and erosion.
(3) Sheet flow. The site shall be graded in a manner that maintains sheet flow over as large an area as possible. The maximum area of sheet flow shall be determined based on the slope, the uniformity of site grading, and the use of easements or other legally-binding mechanisms that prohibit re-grading and/or the placement of structures within sheet flow areas. Flow shall be directed into an open channel, storm sewer, or other SCMs from areas too long and/or too large to maintain sheet flow, all as determined by the City Engineer.
(4) Open channels: Unless otherwise allowed by the City Engineer, drainage tributary to SCMs shall be provided by an open channel with landscaped banks and designed to carry the 10 year, 24 hour stormwater runoff from upstream contributory areas.
(5) Open Drainage systems: Open drainage systems shall be preferred on all new development sites to convey stormwater where feasible. Storm sewer systems shall be allowed only when the site cannot be developed at densities allowed under City of Pepper Pike zoning or where the use of an open drainage system affects public health or safety, all as determined by the City Engineer. The following criteria shall be used to design storm sewer systems when necessary:
A. Storm sewers shall be designed such that they do not surcharge from runoff caused by the 5 year, 24 hour storm, and that the hydraulic grade line of the storm sewer stays below the gutter flow line of the overlying roadway, or below the top of drainage structures outside the roadway during a 10-year, 24 hour storm. The system shall be designed to meet these requirements when conveying the flows from the contributing drainage area within the proposed development and existing flows from offsite areas that are upstream from the development.
B. The minimum inside diameter of pipe to be used in public storm sewer systems is 12 inches. Smaller pipe sizes may be used in private systems, subject to the approval of the City Engineer.
C. All storm sewer systems shall be designed taking into consideration the tailwater of the receiving facility or water resource. The tailwater elevation used shall be based on the design storm frequency. The hydraulic grade line for the storm sewer system shall be computed with consideration for the energy losses associated with entrance into and exit from the system, friction through the system, and turbulence in the individual manholes, catch basins, and junctions within the system.
D. The inverts of all curb inlets, manholes, yard inlets, and other structures shall be formed and channelized to minimize the incidence of quiescent standing water where mosquitoes may breed.
E. Headwalls shall be required at all storm sewer inlets or outlets to and from open channels or lakes.
(6) Water Resource Crossings. The following criteria shall be used to design structures that cross a water resource in the City of Pepper Pike:
A. Water resource crossings other than bridges shall be designed to convey the stream's flow for the minimum 25 year, 24 hour storm.
B. Bridges, open bottom arch or spans are the preferred crossing technique and shall be considered in the planning phase of the development. Bridges and open spans should be considered for all State Scenic Rivers, coldwater habitat, exceptional warmwater habitat, seasonal salmonid habitat streams, and Class III headwater streams. The footers or piers for these bridges and open spans shall not be constructed below the ordinary high water mark.
C. If a culvert or other closed bottom crossing is used, twenty-five (25) percent of the cross-sectional area or a minimum of 1 foot of box culverts and pipe arches must be embedded below the channel bed. The conduit or conveyance must to be sized to carry the 25-year storm under these conditions.
D. The minimum inside diameter of pipes to be used for crossings shall be 12 inches.
E. The maximum slope allowable shall be a slope that produces a 10 fps velocity within the culvert barrel under design flow conditions. Erosion protection and/or energy dissipaters shall be required to properly control entrance and outlet velocities.
F. All culvert installations shall be designed with consideration for the tailwater of the receiving facility or water resource. The tailwater elevation used shall be based on the design storm frequency.
G. Headwalls shall be required at all culvert inlets or outlets to and from open channels or lakes.
H. Streams with a drainage area of 5 square miles or larger shall incorporate floodplain culverts at the bankfull elevation to restrict the rise in headwater elevation upstream of the culvert to on more than one (1) foot during the 100-yr 24-hr storm event.
I. Bridges shall be designed such that the hydraulic profile through a bridge shall be below the bottom chord of the bridge for either the 100 year, 24 hour storm, or the 100 year flood elevation as determined by FEMA, whichever is more restrictive.
(7) Overland flooding: Overland flood routing paths shall be used to convey stormwater runoff from the 100 year, 24 hour storm event to an adequate receiving water resource or SCM such that the runoff is contained within the drainage easement for the flood routing path and does not cause flooding of buildings or related structures. The peak 100-year water surface elevation along flood routing paths shall be at least one foot below the finished grade elevation of all structures. When designing the flood routing paths, the conveyance capacity of the site's storm sewers shall be taken into consideration.
(8) Compensatory flood storage mitigation: In order to preserve floodplain storage volumes and thereby avoid increases in water surface elevations, any filling within floodplains approved by the City of Pepper Pike must be compensated by providing an equivalent storage volume. First consideration for the location(s) of compensatory floodplain volumes should be given to areas where the stream channel will have immediate access to the new floodplain within the limits of the development site. Consideration will also be given to enlarging existing or proposed retention basins to compensate for floodplain fill if justified by a hydraulic analysis of the contributing watershed. Unless otherwise permitted by the City of Pepper Pike, reductions in volume due to floodplain fills must be mitigated within the legal boundaries of the development. Embankment slopes used in compensatory storage areas must reasonably conform to the natural slopes adjacent to the disturbed area. The use of vertical retaining structures is specifically prohibited.
(9) Velocity dissipation: Velocity dissipation devices shall be placed at discharge locations and along the length of any outfall to provide non-erosive flow velocity from the structure to a water resource so that the natural physical and biological characteristics and functions of the water resource are maintained and protected.
(c) Stormwater Quality Control:
(1) Direct runoff to a SCM: The site shall be designed to direct runoff to one or more of the following SCMs. These SCMs are listed in Table 2 of this regulation and shall be designed to meet the following general performance standards:
A. Extended detention facilities that detain stormwater; settle or filter particulate pollutants; and release the controlled stormwater to a water resource.
B. Infiltration facilities that retain stormwater; promote settling, filtering, and biodegradation of pollutants; and infiltrate captured stormwater into the ground. The City Engineer may require a soil engineering report to be prepared for the site to demonstrate that any proposed infiltration facilities meet these performance standards.
C. For sites disturbing less than five (5) acres, but greater than one (1) acre and not part of a common plan of development or sale, where 5 or more acres are disturbed, the City Engineer may approve other SCMs if the owner demonstrates to the City Engineer's satisfaction that these SCMs meet the objectives of this regulation as stated in Section 1510.09(c)(5).
D. For sites disturbing five (5) or more acres, or less than five (5) acres but part of a larger common plan of development or sale which will disturb five (5) or more acres, the City Engineer may approve other SCMs if the owner demonstrates to the City Engineer's satisfaction that these SCMs meet the objectives of this regulation as stated in Section 1510.09 (c)(5) and has prior written approval from the Ohio EPA.
E. For the construction of new roads and roadway improvement projects by public entities (i.e. the state, counties, townships, cities, or villages), the City Engineer may approve SCMs not included in Table 2 of this regulation, but must show compliance with the current version of the Ohio Departments of Transportations "Location and Design Manual, Volume Two Drainage Design".
(2) Criteria applying to all SCMs: Practices chosen must be sized to treat the water quality volume (WQv) and to ensure compliance with Ohio Water Quality Standards (OAC Chapter 3745-1).
A. The WQv shall be equal to the volume of runoff from a 0.75 inch rainfall event and shall be determined according to one of the following methods:
1. Through a site hydrologic study approved by the City Engineer that uses continuous hydrologic simulation; site-specific hydrologic parameters, including impervious area, soil infiltration characteristics, slope, and surface routing characteristics; proposed SCMs controlling the amount and/or timing of runoff from the site; and local long-term hourly records, or
2. Using the following equation:
WQV = C*P*A/12
where terms have the following meanings:
WQV = water quality volume in acre-feet
C = runoff coefficient appropriate for storms less than 1 in.
P = 0.75 inch precipitation depth
A = area draining into the SCM in acres.
Runoff coefficients required by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (Ohio EPA) for use in determining the water quality volume are listed in Table 1. Alternatively, the City Engineer may consider use of the following equation to calculate the runoff coefficient.
C=0.858i3 - 0.78i2 + 0.774i+0.04, where:
i = fraction of the drainage area that is impervious
Table 1: Runoff Coefficients Based on the Type of Land Use
Land Use | Runoff Coefficient |
Industrial & Commercial | 0.8 |
High Density Residential (>8 dwellings/acre) | 0.5 |
Medium Density Residential (4 to 8 dwellings/acre) | 0.4 |
Low Density Residential (<4 dwellings/acre) | 0.3 |
Open Space and Recreational Areas | 0.2 |
Where land use will be mixed, the runoff coefficient should be calculated using a weighted average. For example, if 60% of the contributing drainage area to the stormwater treatment structure is Low Density Residential, 30% is High Density Residential, and 10% is Open Space, the runoff coefficient is calculated as follows (0.6)(0.3)+(0.3)(0.5)+(0.1)(0.2) = (0.35) | |
B. An additional volume equal to 20% of the WQv shall be incorporated into the SCM for sediment storage. This volume shall be incorporated into the sections of SCMs where pollutants will accumulate.
C. SCMs for quality shall be designed such that the drain time is long enough to provide treatment and protect against downstream bank erosion, but short enough to provide storage available for successive rainfall events as defined in Table 2.
Table 2: Draw Down Times for Storm Water Management Practices
Stormwater Control Measure | Drain Time of WQv |
Infiltration Basin or Trench1 | 48 hours |
Permeable Pavement - Infiltration1 | 48 hours |
Permeable Pavement - Extended Detention | 24 hours |
Extended Detention Facilities • Dry Extended Detention Basins2 • Wet Extended Detention Basins3 • Constructed Wetlands (above permanent pool) 4 • Bioretention Area/Cell*5,6 • Sand and other Media Filtration 5 | 48 hours 24 hours 24 hours 24 hours 24 hours 24 hours |
• Pocket Wetland7 | 24 hours |
1 Practices designed to fully infiltrate the WQv shall empty within 48 hours to provide storage for subsequent storm events. 2 The use of a forebay and micropool is required on all dry extended detention basins. Each is to be sized at a minimum 10% of the WQv. 3Provide both a permanent pool and an extended detention volume above the permanent pool, each sized with at least 0.75*WQV . 4Extended detention shall be provided for the WQv above the permanent water pool. 5 The surface ponding area shall completely empty within 24 hours so that there is no standing water. Shorter drawdown times are acceptable as long as design criteria in Ohio Rainwater and Land Development have been met. 6 This includes grassed linear bioretention, which was previously titled enhanced water quality swale. 7Pocket wetlands must have a wet pool equal to the WQv, with 25% of the WQv in a pool and 75% in marshes. The EDv above the permanent pool must be equal to the WQv. | |
D. Each SCM shall be designed to facilitate sediment removal, vegetation management, debris control, and other maintenance activities defined in the Inspection Plan and Maintenance Agreement for the site.
(3) Additional criteria applying to infiltration facilities.
A. Infiltration trenches should be designed to meet all criteria in the current edition of the Ohio Rainwater and Land Development.
B. All runoff directed into an infiltration basin must first flow through a pretreatment practice such as a grass channel or filter strip to remove coarser sediments that could cause a loss of infiltration capacity.
C. During construction, all runoff from disturbed areas of the site shall be diverted away from the proposed infiltration basin site. No construction equipment shall be allowed within the infiltration basin site to avoid soil compaction.
(4) Additional criteria for extended detention facilities:
A. The outlet shall be designed to not release more than the first half of the water quality volume in less than 1/3rd of the drain time. The outlet shall be designed to minimize clogging, vandalism, maintenance, and promote the capture of floatable pollutants.
B. The basin design shall incorporate the following features to maximize multiple uses, aesthetics, safety, and maintainability:
1. Basin side slopes above the permanent pool shall have a run to rise ratio of 4:1 or flatter.
2. The perimeter of all permanent pool areas deeper than 4 feet shall be surrounded by an aquatic bench that extends at least 8 feet and no more than 15 feet outward from the normal water edge. The 8 feet wide portion of the aquatic bench closest to the shoreline shall have an average depth of 6 inches below the permanent pool to promote the growth of aquatic vegetation. The remainder of the aquatic bench shall be no more than 15 inches below the permanent pool to minimize drowning risk to individuals who accidentally or intentionally enter the basin, and to limit growth of dense vegetation in a manner that allows waves and mosquito predators to pass through the vegetation. The maximum slope of the aquatic bench shall be 10 (H) to 1 (V). The aquatic bench shall be planted with native plant species comparable to wetland vegetation that are able to withstand prolonged inundation. The use of invasive plant species is prohibited.
3. A forebay designed to allow larger sediment particles to settle shall be placed at basin inlets. The forebay and micropool volume shall each be equal to at least 10% of the water quality volume (WQv).
(5) Criteria for the Acceptance of Alternative post-construction SCMs: The owner may request approval from the City Engineer for the use of alternative structural post-construction SCMs if the owner shows to the satisfaction of the City Engineer that these SCMs are equivalent in pollutant removal and runoff flow/volume reduction effectiveness to those listed in Table 2. If the site disturbs greater than five (5) acres, or less than five (5) acres but is part of a larger common plan of development or sale which will disturb five (5) or more acres, prior approval from the Ohio EPA is necessary. To demonstrate the equivalency, the owner must show:
A. The alternative SCM has a minimum total suspended solid (TSS) removal efficiency of 80 percent, using the Level II Technology Acceptance Reciprocity Partnership (TARP) testing protocol.
B. The water quality volume discharge rate from the selected SCM is reduced to prevent stream bed erosion, unless there will be negligible hydrologic impact to the receiving surface water of the State. The discharge rate from the SCM will have negligible impacts if the owner can demonstrate one of the following conditions:
1. The entire water quality volume is recharged to groundwater.
2. The development will create less than one acre of impervious surface.
3. The development project is a redevelopment project with an ultra-urban setting, such as a downtown area, or on a site where 100 percent of the project area is already impervious surface and the stormwater discharge is directed into an existing storm sewer system.
4. The stormwater drainage system of the development discharges directly into a large river of fourth order or greater or to a lake, and where the development area is less than 5 percent of the water area upstream of the development site, unless a (TMDL) has identified water quality problems in the receiving surface water of the State.
C. Stormwater Quantity Control: The Comprehensive Stormwater Management Plan shall describe how the proposed SCMs are designed to meet the following requirements for stormwater quantity control for each watershed in the development:
1. The peak discharge rate of runoff from the Critical Storm and all more frequent storms occurring under post-development conditions shall not exceed the peak discharge rate of runoff from a 1-year, 24-hour storm occurring on the same development drainage area under pre-development conditions.
2. Storms of less frequent occurrence (longer return periods) than the Critical Storm, up to the 100-year, 24-hour storm shall have peak runoff discharge rates no greater than the peak runoff rates from equivalent size storms under pre-development conditions. The 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100-year storms shall be considered in designing a facility to meet this requirement.
3. The Critical Storm for each specific development drainage area shall be determined as follows:
a. Determine, using a curve number-based hydrologic method, or other hydrologic method approved by the City Engineer, the total volume (acre-feet) of runoff from a 1-year, 24-hour storm occurring on the development drainage area before and after development. These calculations shall meet the following standards:
(1) Calculations shall include the lot coverage assumptions used for full build out as proposed.
(2) Calculations shall be based on the entire contributing watershed to the development area.
(3) Drainage area maps shall include area, curve number, time of concentrations. Time of concentration shall also show the flow path and the separation in flow type.
(4) Curve numbers for the pre-development condition must reflect the average type of land use over the past 10 years and not only the current land use.
b. To account for future post-construction improvements to the site, calculations shall assume an impervious surface such as asphalt or concrete for all parking areas and driveways, regardless of the surface proposed in the site description except in instances of engineered permeable pavement systems. From the volume determined in Section 1510.09(d)(3)A., determine the percent increase in volume of runoff due to development. Using the percentage, select the 24-hour Critical Storm from Table 3.
Table 3: 24-Hour Critical Storm
If the Percentage of Increase in Volume of Runoff is: | The Critical Storm will be: | |
Equal to or Greater Than: | and Less Than: | |
--- | 10 | 1 year |
10 | 20 | 2 year |
20 | 50 | 5 year |
50 | 100 | 10 year |
100 | 250 | 25 year |
250 | 500 | 50 year |
500 | --- | 100 year |
For example, if the percent increase between the pre- and post-development runoff volume for a 1-year storm is 35%, the Critical Storm is a 5-year storm. The peak discharge rate of runoff for all storms up to this frequency shall be controlled so as not to exceed the peak discharge rate from the 1-year frequency storm under pre-development conditions in the development drainage area. The post-development runoff from all less frequent storms need only be controlled to meet pre-development peak discharge rates for each of those same storms. | ||
(d) Stormwater Management on Redevelopment Projects:
(1) Comprehensive Stormwater Management Plans for redevelopment projects shall reduce existing site impervious areas by at least 20 percent. A one-for-one credit towards the 20 percent net reduction of impervious area can be obtained through the use of pervious pavement and/or green roofs. Where site conditions prevent the reduction of impervious area, then SCMs shall be implemented to treat at least 20 percent of the WQv.
(2) When a combination of impervious area reduction and stormwater quality control facilities are used, ensure a 20 percent net reduction of the site impervious area, provide for treatment of at least 20 percent of the WQv, or a combination of the two.
(3) Where projects are a combination of new development and redevelopment, the total water quality volume required to be treated shall be calculated by a weighted average based on acreage, with the new development at 100 percent water quality volume and redevelopment at 20 percent.
(4) Where conditions prevent impervious area reduction or on-site stormwater management for redevelopment projects, practical alternatives as detailed in Section 1510.10 may be approved by the City Engineer.
(Ord. 2017-36. Passed 11-15-17.)