§ 1-19-5.310. USE TABLE.
   (A)   Permitted uses and required development review.
P   Principal permitted use subject to design regulations
PS   Principal permitted use subject to site development plan approval. See §§ 1-19-2.160, and 1-19-3.300 through 1-19-3.300.4
E   Principal permitted use as a special exception with site development plan approval. See §§ 1-19-8.320 and following
T   Permitted as temporary use as a special exception. See § 1-19-8.300
X   Permitted as temporary use only. See § 1-19-8.700
SW   Solid Waste Floating Zone
A blank indicates that the use is not permitted under any situation
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Zoning Districts
Uses
RC
A
R1
R3
R5
R8
R12
R16
VC
MX
GC
ORI
LI
GI
Natural Resources Uses
Zoning Districts
Uses
RC
A
R1
R3
R5
R8
R12
R16
VC
MX
GC
ORI
LI
GI
Natural Resources Uses
Agricultural activities
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
Limited agricultural activity
 
 
E
E
E
E
E
E
 
 
 
 
 
 
Apiary
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
Agricultural value added processing
P
***
P
***
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Agritourism enterprise
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
Nursery retail
PS
PS
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
PS
PS
Nursery wholesale
P
P
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
P
 
P
P
Farm distillery
P***
P***
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Farm distillery tasting room
PS***
PS***
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Farm winery
P
***
P
***
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Farm winery tasting room
PS
***
PS
***
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Limited farm alcoholic beverages tasting room
P***
P***
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Farm brewery
P
***
P
***
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Farm brewery tasting room
PS
***
PS
***
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Limited roadside stand
P
P
PS
PS
 
 
 
 
PS
P S
PS
 
 
 
Commercial roadside stand
PS
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
 
PS
P S
PS
 
 
 
Forestry
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
 
 
P
 
P
P
Sawmill
E
E
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
Mineral extraction
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
Mineral processing
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
Spring water harvesting and storage
E
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Intensive swine farm
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential Uses
Single-family detached
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
 
 
 
 
Duplex dwelling
 
 
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
 
 
 
 
Two-family dwelling
 
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
 
 
 
 
Townhouse
 
 
 
PS *
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
P S
 
 
 
 
Multifamily dwellings
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
PS
P S
 
 
 
 
Multifamily group developments
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
PS
P S
 
 
 
 
Mobile homes
P
P
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Caretaker residence in conjunction with a permitted use
PS
PS
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
P S
P
 
P
P
Accessory dwelling unit *****
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
 
 
 
 
Temporary Housing
Bed and breakfast
PS
PS
E
E
E
E
E
E
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Motel, hotel
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
 
Commercial Uses – Retail
Antique, artisan and craft shops
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
PS
 
Apparel store
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Appliance sales and service
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Auction house
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
PS
 
PS
PS
Food stores
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Boats, sales and service
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
PS
PS
Book and magazine
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Camera
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Cannabis dispensary
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Convenience stores
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
PS
PS
Department store or variety store
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Farm equipment sales or service ****
 
E
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
PS
 
PS
PS
Feed and grain mill
 
E
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
Florist
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Furniture repair
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
PS
PS
Shopping center
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
PS
 
 
 
Gift/souvenir
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Hardware/garden center
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Hobby shop
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Horse tack and saddlery shop
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Household furnishing
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Jewelry
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Lumber yard
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
PS
PS
Mobile home sales
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
PS
PS
Music and record shops
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Office equipment
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Paint store
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Pet store
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Pet training/day care/grooming facility
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Pharmacy
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Radio and TV sales and service
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Shoe store
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Sporting goods
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Stone monument sales
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
PS
PS
Tobacco store
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Toy store
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Liquor store
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Commercial Business and Personal Services
Advertising agency
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Bank or savings and loan
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
PS
 
 
Broadcasting studio
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
Communication towers**
E
E
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
PS
Barber and beauty shops
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Bus depot
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
PS
PS
Carpentry, electrical, plumbing, welding, printing, upholstering
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
PS
PS
Contractors, fencing, pool and siding
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
PS
PS
Commercial school or education program
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
PS
 
Dance or music studio
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Dry cleaning and laundromat ****
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Funeral home
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
 
 
 
Limited landscape contractor
 
PS
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Landscape contractor
 
E
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
PS
PS
Limited landscape contractor parking and storage
 
PS
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Medical clinic
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
Office business
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
Office professional
 
 
 
 
E
E
E
E
PS
PS
PS
PS
 
 
Pawn shop
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
 
 
Photography studio ****
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
PS
 
Restaurant
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
 
Satellite simulcast betting facility
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
PS
PS
Country inn
E
E
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Facility for functions
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
Woodworking
 
PS
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
PS
PS
Wholesaling and Processing
Agricultural products processing
E
E
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
PS
PS
Bottling plant
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
PS
PS
Contractors, equipment and material storage yard
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
Carpet or rug cleaning ****
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
PS
PS
Contractors office and storage
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
Petroleum products storage ****
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
Laboratory research, experimental or testing
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
PS
Industrial laundry and dry cleaning ****
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
Self-storage units
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
PS
PS
Stone monument processing
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
PS
PS
Wholesaling and/or warehouse
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
PS
PS
Yard storage
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
Automobile and Related Services
Part sales and installation
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
PS
 
Automobile filling and service station ****
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
PS
PS
Carwash
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
PS
 
PS
 
Automobile repair or service shop ****
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
E
E
PS
 
PS
PS
Sales and service center ****
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
PS
PS
Salvage yard ****
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
School bus parking
E
E
 
 
 
 
 
 
E
 
PS
 
PS
PS
Truck stop and filling station service facility ****
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
Recreational vehicle storage facility
 
E
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
PS
PS
Motor freight terminal ****
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
Animal Care and Service
Animal hospital or veterinary clinic
 
E
 
 
 
 
 
 
E
PS
PS
 
 
 
Kennel
 
E
 
 
 
 
 
 
E
 
E
 
 
 
Auction sales – animals
 
PS
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
PS
PS
Commercial Amusements
Bowling alley
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Carnival, circus
 
X
X
 
 
 
 
 
X
X
X
 
X
X
Race tracks
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
PS
PS
Motorcycle hill climb
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
T
Health club, fitness center, vocational training facility
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
PS
 
Tennis club
 
 
 
E
E
E
E
E
 
PS
PS
 
 
 
Golf course ****
 
 
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
 
 
 
Skating rink
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
P S
PS
 
 
 
Swimming pool, commercial
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
P S
PS
 
 
 
Theater, drive-in or outdoor stage
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
PS
PS
Theater, indoor
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
PS
 
Zoo/botanical garden/arboretum
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
 
 
Museums/gallery
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Night club, tavern, lounge
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
PS
 
Outdoor sports recreation facility
 
PS
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
PS
PS
Rodeo
 
E
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Indoor sports recreation facility
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
 
PS
 
Industrial Uses
Cannabis growing facility
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
Cannabis processing facility
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
Limited manufacturing and assembly use
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
General manufacturing
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
Critical digital infrastructure facility
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
Critical digital infrastructure electric substation
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
Nongovernmental utility
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
 
PS
 
PS
PS
Nongovernmental electric substation
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
E
E
Open Space and Institutional
Airports, public ****
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
Cemetery/memorial gardens
 
PS
PS
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fairground
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
PS
PS
Shooting range/club - trap, skeet, rifle, archery
E
E
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
Aircraft landing and storage areas, private
 
E
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
E
E
Aircraft landing and storage areas, private - commercial use
 
E
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
E
E
Tent campground
E
E
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Rustic retreat/camp/outdoor club
E
E
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Private park
PS
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Institutional
Child care center/nursery school
 
E
E
E
E
E
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
E
 
Civic community center
 
E
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Civic service clubs
 
E
P
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Comprehensive physical rehabilitation facility
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
 
 
Group homes, small private
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
 
 
 
 
Group home, large
 
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
 
Hospital
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Assisted living facility
 
 
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Nursing home
 
 
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
 
Place of worship
E
PS
PS
E
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
 
PS
 
Private school
 
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
T
T
T
 
Community fire and rescue service
 
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
Governmental and Nongovernmental Utilities
Arena or stadium
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
 
PS
PS
College or university
 
 
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
 
 
 
Public school
-
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
T
PS
T
 
Nongovernmental utility
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
 
PS
 
PS
PS
Nongovernmental electric substation
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
E
E
Solar facility, commercial
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
Solid Waste Operations
Borrow pit operations
 
PS
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
Industrial waste landfill ****
 
E
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
E
Rubble landfill
 
SW
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SW
Recycling pickup and distribution centers
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PS
PS
RRF (Resource Recovery Facility - Separated Recyclables)
 
SW
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SW
SW
RRF (Resource Recovery Facility - Nonseparated Materials)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SW
Composting:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   Limited food waste composting: agricultural activity ****
 
P
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   Limited food waste composting: commercial activity ****
 
PS
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   Limited wood waste recycling facility
 
E
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
E
   Unlimited wood waste recycling facility
 
SW
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SW
   Sludge amended yard waste
 
SW
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SW
SW
   Solid waste composting
 
SW
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SW
SW
   Sludge pit
 
E
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
*   Townhouses will be permitted only within MPDU developments; however, in no event shall the number of townhouses exceed 50% of the total number of units within the MPDU project.
**   Communication towers not permitted in residential districts, PUD, or MXD districts with a residential component
***   A zoning certificate is required to be obtained prior to the initiation of the processing operation and/or prior to any building construction related to farm winery, farm brewery, farm distillery, farm distillery tasting room, farm winery tasting room, farm brewery tasting room, or limited farm alcoholic beverages tasting room.
****   These uses are prohibited within wellhead protection areas; outside of WHPA the location and containment of hazardous substance for these uses must meet the requirements of § 1-6-50.
*****   A limited accessory dwelling unit may be approved as an accessory use where the provisions in § 1-19-8.212 are met (see also § 1-19-8.240, and § 1-19-8.321)
   (B)   Permitted uses and required development review for limited zoning districts.
      (1)   Euclidean Institutional Zoning District (Ie). The following uses are permitted within the Euclidean Institutional Zoning District:
         (a)   College or university, public school, private school, private school in conjunction with a place of worship, or residential treatment center in conjunction with a private school, a continuing care retirement community (CCRC), and agricultural activities as defined in § 1-19-11.100, subject to all other requirements of this chapter. The continued or further application of this zoning district to land uses not meeting these standards is not permitted. Caretaker residence in conjunction with a permitted use is specifically allowed as an accessory use. (See also § 1-19-8.480.)
(Ord. 77-1-78, §40-61A, 1-24-1977; Ord. 79-5-131, 3-27-1979; Ord. 79-19-145, 8-7-1979; Ord. 80-24-176, 8-26-1980; Ord. 80-25-177, 8-26-1980; Ord. 80-31-183, 10-7-1980; Ord. 81-2-192, 1-27-1981; Ord. 81-29-219, 9-29-1981; Ord. 82-19-263, 9-7-1982; Ord. 83-15-282, 6-7-1983; Ord. 83-23-290, 10-11-1983; Ord. 83-29-296, 12-20-1983; Ord. 84-5-301, 4-3-1984; Ord. 84-34-331, 12-24-1984; Ord. 85-6-338, 1-8-1985; Ord. 85-34-366, 8-8-1985; Ord. 85-45-377, 12-3-1985; Ord. 86-5-382, 4-22-1986; Ord. 86-16-393, 5-13-1986; Ord. 86-37-414, 8-26-1986; Ord. 86-49-426, 9-23-86; Ord. 86-53-130, 10-28-1986; Ord. 88-12-489, 5-3-1988; Ord. 89-1-532, 1-3-1989; Ord. 89-14-545, 3-7-1989; Ord. 89-51-582, 8-15-1989; Ord. 90-03-601, 2-6-1990; Ord. 90-30-628, 6-19-1990; Ord. 90-44-642, 11-20-1990; Ord. 90-46-644, 11-20-1990; Ord. 91-02-002, 3-22-1991; Ord. 91-13-013, 6-4-1991; Ord. 91-32-032, 11-19-1991; Ord. 92-22-057, 10-06-1992; Ord. 92-23-058, 10-6-1992; Ord. 93-19-083, 9-13-1993; Ord. 93-28-092, 11-9-1993; Ord. 95-02-126, 3-2-1995; Ord. 95-28-152, 12-5-1995; Ord. 96-26-178, 12-17-1996; Ord. 97-17-195, 12-2-1997; Ord. 98-08-210, 4-21-1998; Ord. 99-02-229, 3-16-1999; Ord. 99-06-233, 5-18-1999; Ord. 99-14-241, 11-23-1999; Ord. 00-04-246, 4-4-2000; Ord. 00-28-270, 9-7-2000; Ord. 01-03-277, 3-6-2001; Ord. 03-09-332, 6-3-2003; Ord. 05-25-386, 9-27-2005; Ord. 05-29-390, 10-25-2005; Ord. 06-42-438, 11-30-2006; Ord. 07-16-456, 5-15-2007; Ord. 07-27-467, 6-19-2007; Ord. 07-31-471, 10-15-2007; Ord. 08-07-483, 4-10-2008; Ord. 08-26-502, 10-14-2008; Ord. 09-21-525, 6-4-2009; Ord. 09-22-526, 7-14-2009; Ord. 10-04-539, 3-11-2010; Ord. 10-18-533, 5-4-2010; Ord. 10-20-555, 8-24-2010; Ord. 10-26-561, 11-9-2010; Ord. 10-31-566, 12-21-2010; Ord. 11-06-572, 5-17-2011; Ord. 11-25-591, 10-27-2011; Ord. 11-28-594, 11-22-2011; Ord. 12-08-603, 4-17-2012; Ord. 12-23-618, 9-6-2012; Ord. 13-25-653, 10-31-2013; Ord. 14-23-678, 11-13-2014; Bill No. 17-04, 5-2-2017; Bill No. 17-07, 5-16-2017; Bill No. 17-11, 7-18-2017; Bill No. 18-10, 5-1-2018; Bill No. 18-16, 8-21-2018; Bill No. 18-22, 10-16-2018; Bill No. 19-09, 8-20-2019; Bill No. 22-05, 3-15-2022; Bill No. 22-12, 7-26-2022; Bill No. 22-24, 10-25-2022; Bill No. 23-14, 8-8-2023; Bill No. 23-15, 8-8-2023; Bill No. 23-15, 8- 8-23; Bill No. 23-19, 10-17-2023; Bill No. 23-20, 11-21-2023; Bill No. 23-21, 11-21-2023)