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For the purpose of this chapter the following definitions shall apply unless the context clearly indicates or requires a different meaning.
(a) "Anhydrous ammonia." A compound formed by the combination of two gaseous elements, nitrogen and hydrogen, in the manner described below. Anhydrous ammonia is one part nitrogen to three parts hydrogen (NH3). Anhydrous ammonia by weight is fourteen parts nitrogen to three parts hydrogen, which is approximately 82% nitrogen to 18% hydrogen.
(b) "Assistance dog" has the same meaning as in Ohio R.C. 955.011.
(c) "Cable television service." Any services provided by or through the facilities of any cable television system or other similar closed circuit coaxial cable communications system, or any microwave or similar transmission service used in connection with any cable television system or other similar closed circuit coaxial cable communications system.
(d) "Coin machine." Any mechanical or electronic device designed to do both of the following:
(1) Receive a coin or bill, or token made for that purpose;
(2) In return for the insertion or deposit of a coin, bill, or token, automatically dispense property, provide a service, or grant a license.
(e) "Computer." An electronic device that performs logical, arithmetic, and memory functions by the manipulation of electronic or magnetic impulses. "Computer" includes, but is not limited to, all input, output, processing, storage, computer program, or communication facilities that are connected, or related, in a computer system or network to an electronic device of that nature.
(f) "Computer contaminant." Means a computer program that is designed to modify, damage, destroy, disable, deny or degrade access to, allow unauthorized access to, functionally impair, record, or transmit information within a computer, computer system, or computer network without the express or implied consent of the owner or other person authorized to give consent and that is of a type or kind described in divisions (1) through (4) of this definition or of a type or kind similar to a type or kind described in divisions (1) through (4) of this definition:
(1) A group of computer programs commonly known as "viruses" and "worms" that are self-replicating or self-propagating and that are designed to contaminate other computer programs, compromise computer security, consume computer resources, modify, destroy, record, or transmit data, or disrupt the normal operation of the computer, computer system, or computer network;
(2) A group of computer programs commonly known as "Trojans" or "Trojan horses" that are not self-replicating or self-propagating and that are designed to compromise computer security, consume computer resources, modify, destroy, record, or transmit data, or disrupt the normal operation of the computer, computer system, or computer network;
(3) A group of computer programs commonly known as "zombies" that are designed to use a computer without the knowledge and consent of the owner, or other person authorized to give consent, and that are designed to send large quantities of data to a targeted computer network for the purpose of degrading the targeted computer’s or network’s performance, or denying access through the network to the targeted computer or network, resulting in what is commonly known as "denial of service" or "distributed denial of service" attacks;
(4) A group of computer programs commonly known as "trap doors", "back doors", or "root kits" that are designed to bypass standard authentication software and that are designed to allow access or use of a computer without the knowledge or consent of the owner, or other person authorized to give consent.
(g) "Computer hacking."
(1) "Computer hacking" means any of the following:
A. Gaining access or attempting to gain access to all or part of a computer, computer system, or a computer network without express or implied authorization with the intent to defraud or with intent to commit a crime;
B. Misusing computer or network services including but not limited to mail transfer programs, file transfer programs, proxy servers, and web servers by performing functions not authorized by the owner of the computer, computer system, or computer network or other person authorized to give consent. As used in this division, "misuse of computer and network services" includes but is not limited to the unauthorized use of any of the following:
1. Mail transfer programs to send mail to persons other than the authorized users of that computer or computer network;
2. File transfer program services or proxy servers to access other computers, computer systems, or computer networks;
3. Web servers to redirect users to other web pages or web servers.
C. 1. Subject to division (1)C.2. of this definition, using a group of computer programs commonly known as "port scanners" or "probes" to intentionally access any computer, computer system, or computer network without the permission of the owner of the computer, computer system, or computer network or other person authorized to give consent. The group of computer programs referred to in this division includes but is not limited to those computer programs that use a computer network to access a computer, computer system, or another computer network to determine any of the following: the presence or types of computers or computer systems on a network; the computer network’s facilities and capabilities; the availability of computer or network services; the presence or versions of computer software including but not limited to operating systems, computer services, or computer contaminants; the presence of a known computer software deficiency that can be used to gain unauthorized access to a computer, computer system, or computer network; or any other information about a computer, computer system, or computer network not necessary for the normal and lawful operation of the computer initiating the access.
2. The group of computer programs referred to in division (1)C.1. of this definition does not include standard computer software used for the normal operation, administration, management, and test of a computer, computer system, or computer network including but not limited to domain name services, mail transfer services, and other operating system services, computer programs commonly called "ping", "tcpdump", and "traceroute" and other network monitoring and management computer software, and computer programs commonly knows as "nslookup" and "whois" and other systems administration computer software.
D. The intentional use of a computer, computer system, or a computer network in a manner that exceeds any right or permission granted by the owner of the computer, computer system, or computer network or other person authorized to give consent.
(2) "Computer hacking" does not include the introduction of a computer contaminant, as defined in this section, into a computer, computer system, computer program, or computer network.
(h) "Computer network." A set of related and remotely-connected computers and communication facilities that includes more than one computer system that has the capability to transmit among the connected computers and communication facilities through the use of computer facilities.
(i) "Computer program." An ordered set of data representing coded instructions or statements that, when executed by a computer, causes the computer to process data.
(j) "Computer services." Includes, but is not limited to, the use of a computer system, computer network, computer program, data that is prepared for computer use, or data that is contained within a computer system or computer network.
(k) "Computer software." Computer programs, procedures, and other documentation associated with the operation of a computer system.
(l) "Computer system." A computer and related devices, whether connected or unconnected, including, but not limited to, data input, output, and storage devices, data communications links, and computer programs and data that make the system capable of performing specified special purpose data processing tasks.
(m) "Counterfeit telecommunications device." A telecommunications device that, alone or with another telecommunications device, has been altered, constructed, manufactured, or programmed to acquire, intercept, receive, or otherwise facilitate the use of a telecommunications service or information service without the authority or consent of the provider of the telecommunications service or information service. The phrase includes but is not limited to a clone telephone, clone microchip, tumbler telephone, or tumbler microchip; a wireless scanning device capable of acquiring, intercepting, receiving, or otherwise facilitating the use of telecommunications service or information service without immediate detection; or a device, equipment, hardware, or software designed for, or capable of, altering or changing the electronic serial number in a wireless telephone.
(n) "Create a substantial risk of serious physical harm to any person." Includes the creation of a substantial risk of serious physical harm to any emergency personnel.
(o) "Credit card." Includes, but is not limited to, a card, code, device, or other means of access to a customer’s account for the purpose of obtaining money, property, labor, or services on credit, or for initiating an electronic fund transfer at a point-of-sale terminal, an automated teller machine, or a cash dispensing machine. It also includes a county procurement card issued under Ohio R.C. 301.29.
(p) "Dangerous drug." Has the same meaning as in Ohio R.C. 4729.01.
(q) "Data." A representation of information, knowledge, facts, concepts, or instructions that are being or have been prepared in a formalized manner and that are intended for use in a computer, computer system, or computer network.
(r) "Deception." To knowingly deceive another or cause another to be deceived by any false or misleading representation, by withholding information, by preventing another from acquiring information, or by any other conduct, act, or omission that creates, confirms, or perpetuates a false impression in another, including a false impression as to law, value, state of mind, or other objective or subjective fact.
(s) "Defraud." To knowingly obtain, by deception, some benefit for oneself or another, or to knowingly cause, by deception, some detriment to another.
(t) "Deprive." To do any of the following:
(1) To withhold property of another permanently, or for a period that appropriates a substantial portion of its value or use, or with purpose to restore it only upon payment of a reward or other consideration;
(2) To dispose of property so as to make it unlikely that the owner will recover it;
(3) To accept, use, or appropriate money, property, or services, with purpose not to give proper consideration in return for the money, property, or services, and without reasonable justification or excuse for not giving proper consideration.
(u) "Disabled adult." A person who is 18 years of age or older and has some impairment of body or mind that makes the person unable to work at any substantially remunerative employment that the person otherwise would be able to perform and that will, with reasonable probability, continue for a period of at least 12 months without any present indication of recovery from the impairment, or who is 18 years of age or older and has been certified as permanently and totally disabled by an agency of this State or the United States that has the function of so classifying persons.
(v) "Drug abuse offense." Has the same meaning as in Ohio R.C. 2925.01.
(w) "Elderly person." A person who is 65 years of age or older.
(x) "Electronic fund transfer." Has the same meaning as in 92 Stat. 3728, 15 U.S.C. 1693a, as amended.
(y) "Emergency personnel." Means any of the following persons:
(1) A peace officer, as defined in Ohio R.C. 2935.01;
(2) A member of a fire department or other firefighting agency of a municipal corporation, township, township fire district, joint fire district, other political subdivision, or combination of political subdivisions;
(3) A member of a private fire company, as defined in Ohio R.C. 9.60, or a volunteer firefighter;
(4) A member of a joint ambulance district or joint emergency medical services district;
(5) An emergency medical technician-basic, emergency medical technician-intermediate, emergency medical technician-paramedic, ambulance operator, or other member of an emergency medical service that is owned or operated by a political subdivision or a private entity;
(6) The State Fire Marshal, the Chief Deputy State Fire Marshal, or an assistant State fire marshal;
(7) A fire prevention officer of a political subdivision or an arson, fire, or similar investigator of a political subdivision.
(z) "Firearm" and "dangerous ordnance." Have the same meaning as in Ohio R.C. 2923.11.
(aa) "Forge." To fabricate or create, in whole or in part and by any means, any spurious writing, or to make, execute, alter, complete, reproduce, or otherwise purport to authenticate any writing, when the writing in fact is not authenticated by that conduct.
(bb) "Gain access." To approach, instruct, communicate with, store data in, retrieve data from, or otherwise make use of any resources of a computer, computer system, or computer network, or any cable service or cable system both as defined in Ohio R.C. 2913.04.
(cc) "Information service."
(1) Subject to division (2) of this definition, the offering of a capability for generating, acquiring, storing, transforming, processing, retrieving, utilizing, or making available information via telecommunications, including but not limited to electronic publishing.
(2) "Information service" does not include any use of a capability of a type described in division (1) of this definition for the management, control, or operation of a telecommunications system or the management of a telecommunications service.
(dd) "Internet." Has the same meaning as in Ohio R.C. 341.42.
(ee) "Motor vehicle." Has the same meaning as in Ohio R.C. 4501.01.
(ff) "Occupied structure." Means any house, building, outbuilding, watercraft, aircraft, railroad car, truck, trailer, tent, or other structure, vehicle, or shelter, or any portion thereof, to which any of the following applies:
(1) It is maintained as a permanent or temporary dwelling, even though it is temporarily unoccupied and whether or not any person is actually present;
(2) At the time, it is occupied as the permanent or temporary habitation of any person, whether or not any person is actually present;
(3) At the time, it is specially adapted for the overnight accommodation of any person, whether or not any person is actually present;
(4) At the time, any person is present or likely to be present in it.
(gg) "Owner." Unless the context requires a different meaning, any person, other than the actor, who is the owner of, who has possession or control of, or who has any license or interest in property or services, even though the ownership, possession, control, license, or interest is unlawful.
(hh) "Police dog or horse" has the same meaning as in Ohio R.C. 2921.321.
(ii) "Political subdivision." Has the same meaning as in Ohio R.C. 2744.01.
(jj) "Rented property." Personal property in which the right of possession and use of the property is for a short and possibly indeterminate term in return for consideration; the rentee generally controls the duration of possession of the property within any applicable minimum or maximum term; and the amount of consideration is generally determined by the duration of possession of the property.
(kk) "Services." Includes labor, personal services, professional services, public utility services including wireless service as defined in Ohio R.C. 4931.40(F)(1), common carrier services, and food, drink, transportation, entertainment, and cable television services and, for purposes of Ohio R.C. 2913.04 or any substantially equivalent municipal ordinance, includes cable services as defined in that section.
(ll) "Slug." An object that, by virtue of its size, shape, composition, or other quality, is capable of being inserted or deposited in a coin machine as an improper substitute for a genuine coin, bill, or token made for that purpose.
(mm) "State." Has the same meaning as in Ohio R.C. 2744.01.
(nn) "Telecommunication." The origination, emission, dissemination, transmission, or reception of data, images, signals, sounds, or other intelligence or equivalence or intelligence of any nature over any communications system by any method, including but not limited to a fiber optic, electronic, magnetic, optical, digital or analog method.
(oo) "Telecommunications device." Any instrument, equipment, machine, or other device that facilitates telecommunication, including but not limited to a computer, computer network, computer chip, computer circuit, scanner, telephone, cellular telephone, pager, personal communications device, transponder, receiver, radio, modem, or device that enables the use of a modem.
(pp) "Telecommunications service." The providing, allowing, facilitating, or generating of any form of telecommunication through the use of a telecommunications device over a telecommunications system.
(qq) "Theft offense." Any of the following:
(1) A violation of Ohio R.C. 2911.01, 2911.02, 2911.11, 2911.12, 2911.13, 2911.31, 2911.32, 2913.02, 2913.03, 2913.04, 2913.041, 2913.11, 2913.21, 2913.31, 2913.32, 2913.33, 2913.34, 2913.40, 2913.42, 2913.43, 2913.44, 2913.45, 2913.47, former Ohio R.C. 2913.47 or 2913.48, or Ohio R.C. 2913.51, 2915.05, or 2921.41;
(2) A violation of an existing or former municipal ordinance or law of this or any other state or of the United States substantially equivalent to any section listed in division (1) of this definition, or a violation of Ohio R.C. 2913.41, 2913.81 or 2915.06 as it existed prior to July 1, 1996;
(3) An offense under an existing or former municipal ordinance or law of this or any other state or the United States involving robbery, burglary, breaking and entering, theft, embezzlement, wrongful conversion, forgery, counterfeiting, deceit, or fraud;
(4) A conspiracy to commit, attempt to commit, or complicity in committing any offense under division (1), (2), or (3) of this definition.
(rr) "Utter." To issue, publish, transfer, use, put or send into circulation, deliver, or display.
(ss) "Writing." Any computer software, document, letter, memorandum, note, paper, plate, data, film, or other thing having in or upon it any written, type-written, or printed matter, and any token, stamp, seal, credit card, badge, trademark, label, or other symbol of value, right, privilege, license, or identification.
(ORC 2909.01, 2913.01)
(a) No person, with purpose to deprive the owner of property or services, shall knowingly obtain or exert control over either the property or services in any of the following ways:
(1) Without the consent of the owner or person authorized to give consent;
(2) Beyond the scope of the express or implied consent of the owner or person authorized to give consent;
(3) By deception;
(4) By threat;
(5) By intimidation.
(b) Whoever violates this section is guilty of theft. Except as otherwise provided in this division, a violation of this section is petty theft, a misdemeanor of the first degree. If any of the following criteria are met, then a violation of this section is a felony to be prosecuted under appropriate State law:
(1) If the value of the property or services is five hundred dollars ($500.00) or more;
(2) If the property stolen is any of the property listed in Ohio R.C. 2913.71;
(3) If the victim of the offense is an elderly person or disabled adult;
(4) If the property stolen is a firearm or dangerous ordnance;
(5) If the property stolen is a motor vehicle;
(6) If the property stolen is any dangerous drug, or if the offender previously has been convicted of a felony drug abuse offense;
(7) If the property stolen is a police dog or horse or an assistance dog and the offender knows or should know that the property stolen is a police dog or horse or an assistance dog; or
(8) If the property stolen is anhydrous ammonia.
(c) In addition to the penalties described in division (b) of this section, if the offender committed the violation by causing a motor vehicle to leave the premises of an establishment at which gasoline is offered for retail sale without the offender making full payment for gasoline that was dispensed into the fuel tank of the motor vehicle or into another container, the court may do one of the following:
(1) Unless division (c)(2) of this section applies, suspend for not more than six months the offender's driver's license, probationary driver's license, commercial driver's license, temporary instruction permit, or nonresident operating privilege;
(2) If the offender's driver's license, probationary driver's license, commercial driver's license, temporary instruction permit, or nonresident operating privilege has previously been suspended pursuant to division (c)(1) of this section, or any other substantially equivalent State or local law, impose a class seven suspension of the offender's license, permit, or privilege from the range specified in Ohio R.C. 4510.02(A)(7), provided that the suspension shall be at least six months.
(d) In addition to the penalties described in division (b) of this section, if the offender committed the violation by stealing rented property or rental services, the court may order that the offender make restitution pursuant to R.C. § 2929.18 or R.C. § 2929.28. Restitution may include, but is not limited to, the cost of repairing or replacing the stolen property, or the cost of repairing the stolen property and any loss of revenue resulting from deprivation of the property due to theft of rental services that is less than or equal to the actual value of the property at the time it was rented. Evidence of intent to commit theft of rented property or rental services shall be determined pursuant to the provisions of R.C. § 2913.72.
(e) The sentencing court that suspends an offender's license, permit, or nonresident operating privilege under division (c) of this section may grant the offender limited driving privileges during the period of the suspension in accordance with Ohio R.C. Chapter 4510.
(ORC 2913.02)
Statutory reference:
Felony theft provisions, see Ohio R.C. 2913.02(B)
(a) A credit card;
(b) A printed form for a check or other negotiable instrument, that on its face identifies the drawer or maker for whose use it is designed or identifies the account on which it is to be drawn, and that has not been executed by the drawer or maker or on which the amount is blank;
(c) A motor vehicle identification license plate as prescribed by Ohio R.C. 4503.22, a temporary license placard or windshield sticker as prescribed by Ohio R.C. 4503.182, or any comparable license plate, placard, or sticker as prescribed by the applicable law of another state or the United States;
(d) A blank form for a certificate of title or a manufacturer’s or importer’s certificate to a motor vehicle, as prescribed by Ohio R.C. 4505.07;
(e) A blank form for any license listed in Ohio R.C. 4507.01.
(ORC 2913.71)
(a) For the purpose of this section, the following definitions shall apply unless the context clearly indicates or requires a different meaning.
(1) "Renter." A person who owns rented property.
(2) "Rentee." A person who pays consideration to a renter for the use of rented property.
(b) Each of the following shall be considered evidence of intent to commit theft of rented property:
(1) At the time of entering into the rental contract, the rentee presented the renter with identification that was materially false, fictitious, or not current with respect to name, address, place of employment, or other relevant information.
(2) After receiving a notice demanding the return of the rented property as provided in division (c) of this section, the rentee neither returned the rented property nor made arrangements acceptable with the renter to return the rented property.
(c) To establish that a rentee has an intent to commit theft of rented property under division (b)(2) above, a renter may issue a notice to a rentee demanding the return of the rented property. The renter shall mail the notice by certified mail, return receipt requested, to the rentee at the address the rentee gave when the rental contract was executed, or to the rentee at the last address the rentee or the rentee’s agent furnished in writing to the renter.
(d) A demand for the return of the rented property is not a prerequisite for the prosecution of a rentee for theft of rented property. The evidence specified in division (b) above does not constitute the only evidence that may be considered as evidence of intent to commit theft of rented property.
(ORC 2913.72)
(a) No person shall knowingly use or operate an aircraft, motor vehicle, motorcycle, motorboat, or other motor-propelled vehicle without the consent of the owner or person authorized to give consent.
(b) No person shall knowingly use or operate an aircraft, motor vehicle, motorboat, or other motor-propelled vehicle without the consent of the owner or person authorized to give consent, and either remove it from this State, or keep possession of it for more than 48 hours.
(c) The following are affirmative defenses to a charge under this section:
(1) At the time of the alleged offense, the actor, though mistaken, reasonably believed that he or she was authorized to use or operate the property.
(2) At the time of the alleged offense, the actor reasonably believed that the owner or person empowered to give consent would authorize the actor to use or operate the property.
(d) Whoever violates divisions (a) through (c) of this section is guilty of unauthorized use of a vehicle.
(1) Except as otherwise provided in this division (d)(1), a violation of division (a) of this section is a misdemeanor of the first degree. If the victim of the offense is an elderly person or disabled adult and if the victim incurs a loss as a result of the violation, a violation of division (a) of this section is a felony to be prosecuted under appropriate State law.
(2) A violation of division (b) of this section is a felony to be prosecuted under appropriate State law.
(ORC 2913.03)
(e) No person shall knowingly enter in or upon a motor vehicle, motorcycle or other motor-propelled vehicle without the consent of the owner thereof or of a person authorized to give consent.
(f) Whoever violates division (e) of this section is guilty of vehicle trespass, a minor misdemeanor, and shall be subject to the penalty provided in Section 599.02.
Statutory reference:
Theft offense involving motor vehicle, offender to pay towing and storage fees, see Ohio R.C. 2913.82
(a) No person shall knowingly use or operate the property of another without the consent of the owner or person authorized to give consent.
(b) No person, in any manner and by any means, including but not limited to computer hacking, shall knowingly gain access to, attempt to gain access to, or cause access to be gained to any computer, computer system, computer network, cable service, cable system, telecommunications device, telecommunications service, or information service without the consent of, or beyond the scope of the express or implied consent of, the owner of the computer, computer system, computer network, cable service, cable system, telecommunications device, telecommunications service, or information service or other person authorized to give consent.
(c) No person shall knowingly gain access to, attempt to gain access to, cause access to be granted to, or disseminate information gained from access to the law enforcement automated database system created pursuant to Ohio R.C. 5503.10 without the consent of, or beyond the scope of the express or implied consent of, the chair of the Law Enforcement Automated Data System Steering Committee.
(d) No person shall knowingly gain access to, attempt to gain access to, cause access to be granted to, or disseminate information gained from access to the Ohio law enforcement gateway established and operated pursuant to Ohio R.C. 109.57(C)(1) without the consent of, or beyond the scope of the express or implied consent of, the Superintendent of the Bureau of Criminal Identification and Investigation.
(e) The affirmative defenses contained in Ohio R.C. 2913.03(C) are affirmative defenses to a charge under this section.
(f) Whoever violates division (a) of this section is guilty of unauthorized use of property. Except as otherwise provided in this division, unauthorized use of property is a misdemeanor of the fourth degree.
(1) If unauthorized use of property is committed for the purpose of devising or executing a scheme to defraud or to obtain property or services, unauthorized use of property is whichever of the following is applicable:
A. Except as otherwise provided below, unauthorized use of property is a misdemeanor of the first degree.
B. If the value of the property or services or the loss to the victim is five hundred dollars ($500.00) or more, it is a felony to be prosecuted under appropriate State law.
(2) If the victim of the offense is an elderly person or disabled adult, unauthorized use of property is a felony to be prosecuted under appropriate State law.
(g) Whoever violates division (b) of this section is guilty of unauthorized use of computer, cable, or telecommunication property, a felony to be prosecuted under appropriate State law.
(h) Whoever violates division (c) of this section is guilty of unauthorized use of the law enforcement automated database system, a felony to be prosecuted under appropriate State law.
(i) Whoever violates division (d) of this section is guilty of unauthorized use of the Ohio law enforcement gateway, a felony to be prosecuted under appropriate state law.
(j) As used in this section:
(1) "Cable operator" means any person or group of persons that does either of the following:
A. Provides cable service over a cable system and directly through one or more affiliates owns a significant interest in that cable system;
B. Otherwise controls or is responsible for, through any arrangement, the management and operation of a cable system.
(2) "Cable service" means any of the following:
A. The one-way transmission to subscribers of video programming or of information that a cable operator makes available to all subscribers generally;
B. Subscriber interaction, if any, that is required for the selection or use of video programming or of information that a cable operator makes available to all subscribers generally, both as described in this definition;
C. Any cable television service.
(3) "Cable system" means any facility, consisting of a set of closed transmission paths and associated signal generation, reception, and control equipment that is designed to provide cable service that includes video programming and that is provided to multiple subscribers within a community. "Cable system" does not include any of the following:
A. Any facility that serves only to retransmit the television signals of one or more television broadcast stations;
B. Any facility that serves subscribers without using any public right-of-way;
C. Any facility of a common carrier that, under 47 U.S.C. 522(7)(c), is excluded from the term "cable system" as defined in 47 U.S.C. 522(7);
D. Any open video system that complies with 47 U.S.C. 573;
E. Any facility of any electric utility used solely for operating its electric utility system.
(ORC 2913.04)
Statutory reference:
Telecommunications: fraud and unlawful use of a device, felony offenses, see Ohio R.C. 2913.05 and 2913.06
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