For the purpose of this chapter, the following definitions shall apply unless the context clearly indicates or requires a different meaning.
ACCRUED. To accumulate periodically as an increase.
AGENCIES. Federal agency securities and/or government-sponsored enterprises.
AMORTIZE. To prorate funds over a fixed period of time.
ASKED. The price at which securities are offered.
BANKERS’ ACCEPTANCE (BA). A draft, bill, or exchange accepted by a bank or trust company. The accepting institution guarantees payment of the bill, as well as the issuer.
BENCHMARK. A standard point of reference in measuring.
BID. The price offered by a buyer of securities. (When you are selling securities, you ask for a BID.) See OFFER.
BROKER. A BROKER brings buyers and sellers together for a commission.
CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSIT (CD). A time deposit with a specific maturity level evidenced by a certificate. Large denomination CDs are typically negotiable.
COLLATERAL. Securities, evidence of deposit or other property, which a borrower pledges to secure payment for a loan. Also refers to securities pledged by a bank to secure deposits of public monies.
COUPON.
(1) The annual rate of interest that a bond’s issuer promises to pay the bondholder on the bond’s face value.
(2) A certificate attached to a bond evidencing interest due on a payment date.
DEALER. A DEALER, as opposed to a BROKER, acts as the principal in all transactions, buying and selling for his own account.
DEBENTURE. A bond secured only by the general credit of the issuer.
DELIVERY VERSUS PAYMENT. There are two methods of delivery of securities: DELIVERY VERSUS PAYMENT and DELIVERY VERSUS RECEIPT.
(1) DELIVERY VERSUS PAYMENT is delivery of securities with an exchange of money for the securities.
(2) DELIVERY VERSUS RECEIPT is a delivery of securities with an exchange of a signed receipt for securities.
DERIVATIVES.
(1) Financial instruments whose return profile is linked to, or derived from, the movement of one or more underlying index or security, and may include a leveraging factor; or
(2) Financial contracts based upon notional amounts whose value is derived from an underlying index or security (interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equities, or commodities).
DISCOUNT. The difference between the cost price of a security and its maturity when quoted at lower than face value. A security selling below original offering price shortly after sale also is considered to be a DISCOUNT.
DISCOUNT SECURITIES. Non-interest bearing money market instruments that are issued at discount and redeemed at maturity for full face value, e.g., U.S. Treasury Bills.
DIVERSIFICATION. Dividing investment funds among a variety of securities offering independent returns.
FEDERAL CREDIT AGENCIES. Agencies of the federal government set up to supply credit to various classes of institutions and individuals, e.g. S & L’s, small business firms, student’s, farmers, farm cooperatives, and exporters.
FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION (FDIC). A federal agency that insures bank deposits, currently up to $100,000 per deposit.
FEDERAL FUNDS RATE. The rate of interest at which federal funds are traded. This rate is currently pegged by the Federal Reserve through open market operations.
FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANKS (FHLB). Government sponsored wholesale banks (currently 12 regional banks) which lend funds and provide correspondent banking services to member commercial banks, thrift institutions, credit unions, and insurance companies. The mission of the FHLBs is to liquify the housing related to assets of its members who must purchase stock in their district bank.
FEDERAL NATIONAL MORTGAGE ASSOCIATION (FNMA). FNMA, like GNMA was chartered under the Federal National Mortgage Association Act in 1938. FNMA is a federal corporation working under the auspices of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). It is the largest single provider of residential mortgage funds in the United States. Fannie Mae, as the corporation is called, is a private stockholder-owned corporation. The corporation’s purchases include a variety of adjustable mortgages and second loans, in addition to fixed rate mortgages. FNMA’s securities are also highly liquid and are widely accepted. FNMA assumes and guarantees that all security holders will receive timely payment of principal and interest.
FEDERAL OPEN MARKET COMMITTEE (FOMC). Consists of seven members of the Federal Reserve Board and five of the 12 Federal Reserve Bank Presidents. The President of the New York Federal Reserve Bank is a permanent member while the other Presidents serve on a rotating basis. The Committee periodically meets to set Federal Reserve Guidelines regarding purchases and sales of government securities in the open market as a means of influencing the volume of bank credit and money.
FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM. The central bank of the United States created by Congress and consisting of a seven-member Board of Governors in Washington, D.C., 12 regional banks, and about 5,700 commercial banks that are members of the system.
GOVERNMENT NATIONAL MORTGAGE ASSOCIATION (GNMA or GINNIE MAE). Securities influencing the volume of bank credit guaranteed by GNMA and issued by mortgage bankers, commercial banks, savings and loan associations, and other institutions. The security holder is protected by full faith and credit of the U.S. Government. GINNIE MAE securities are backed by the FHA, VA or FMHA mortgages. The term “pass-throughs” is often used to describe GINNIE MAES.
LIQUIDITY. A LIQUID asset is one that can be converted easily and rapidly into cash without a substantial loss of value. In the money market, a security is said to be LIQUID if the spread between the BID and ASKED prices is narrow and reasonable size can be done at those quotes.
MARKET VALUE. The price at which a security is trading and could be presumably purchased or sold.
MASTER REPURCHASE AGREEMENT. A written contract covering all future transactions between the parties to repurchase-reverse repurchase agreements that establishes each party’s rights in the transactions. A master agreement will often specify, among other things, the right of the buyer-lender to liquidate the underlying securities in the event of default by the seller-borrower.
MATURITY. The date upon which the principal or stated value of an investment becomes due and payable.
MONEY MARKET. The market in which short-term debt instruments (bills, commercial paper, bankers' acceptances, etc.) are issued and traded.
OFFER. The price asked by a seller of securities. (When you are buying securities, you ask for an OFFER.) See ASKED and BID.
OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS. Repurchases and sales of government and certain other securities in the open market by the New York Federal Reserve Bank as directed by the FOMC in order to influence the volume of money and credit in the economy. Purchases inject reserves into the bank system and stimulate growth of money and credit; sales have the opposite effect. OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS are the Federal Reserve’s most important and most flexible monetary policy tool.
PORTFOLIO. Collection of securities held by an investor.
PRIMARY DEALER. A group of government securities dealers who submit daily reports of market activity and positions and monthly financial statements to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and are subject to its informal oversight. Primary dealers include SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION (SEC) - registered securities broker-dealers, banks, and a few unregulated firms.
PRUDENT PERSON RULE. An investment standard whereby an investing officer may invest in a security if it is one which would be bought by a prudent person of discretion and intelligence who is seeking a reasonable income and preservation of capital.
PUBLIC DEPOSITORY. A banking institution authorized to do business with a governmental entity.
QUALIFIED PUBLIC DEPOSITORIES. A financial institution which does not claim exemption from the payment of any sales or compensating use or ad valorem taxes under the laws of this state, which has segregated for the benefit of the commission eligible collateral having a value of not less than its maximum liability and which has been approved by the Public Deposit Protection Commission to hold public deposits.
RATE OF RETURN. The yield obtainable on a security based on its purchase price or its current market price. This may be the amortized yield to maturity on a bond the current income return.
REPURCHASE AGREEMENT (RP or REPO). A holder of securities sells these securities to an investor with an agreement to repurchase them at a fixed price on a fixed date. The security “buyer” in effect lends the “seller” money for the period of the agreement, and the terms of the agreement are structured to compensate him for this.
SAFEKEEPING. A service to customers rendered by banks for a fee whereby securities and valuables of all types and descriptions are held in the bank’s vault for protection.
SECONDARY MARKET. A market made for the purchase and sale of outstanding issues following the initial distribution.
SECURITIES & EXCHANGE COMMISSION. Agency created by Congress to protect investors in securities transactions by administering securities legislation. SEC Rule 15c3-1: See UNIFORM NET CAPITAL RULE.
STRUCTURED NOTES. Notes issued by government sponsored enterprises (FHLB, FNMA, SLMA, etc.) and corporations which have imbedded options (e.g., call features, step-up coupons, floating rate coupons, derivative-based returns) into their debt structure. Their market performance is impacted by the fluctuation of interest rates, the volatility of the imbedded option, and shifts in the shape of the yield curve.
TREASURY BILLS. A non-interest bearing discount security issued by the U.S. Treasury to finance the national debt. Most bills are issued to mature in three months, six months, or one year.
TREASURY BONDS. Long-term coupon bearing U.S. Treasury securities issued as direct obligations of the U.S. Government and having initial maturities of more than ten years.
TREASURY NOTES. Medium-term coupon bearing U.S. Treasury securities issued as direct obligations of the U.S. Government and having initial maturities of more than ten years.
UNIFORM NET CAPITAL RULE. Securities and Exchange Commission requirements that member firms as well as nonmember broker-dealers in securities maintain a maximum ratio of indebtedness to liquid capital of 15 to 1; also called net capital rule and net capital ratio. Indebtedness covers all money owed to a firm, including margin loans and commitments to purchase securities, one reason new public issues are spread among members of underwriting syndicates. Liquid capital includes cash and assets easily converted to cash.
YIELD. The rate of annual income return on an investment, expressed as a percentage.
(1) INCOME YIELD is obtained by dividing the current dollar income by the current market price for security.
(2)
NET YIELD or YIELD TO MATURITY is the current income yield minus any premium above par or plus any discount from par in purchase price, with the adjustment spread over the period from the date of purchase to the date of maturity of the bond.
(Ord. 48, passed 8-16-00)